Editing 1929 (section)

==== Eastern ====
In May, [[Joseph Stalin]] consolidated his power in the [[Soviet Union]] by sending [[Leon Trotsky]] into exile. The only country that would grant Trotsky asylum was Turkey, in return for his help during Turkey's civil war. He and his family left the USSR aboard ship on February 12.<ref>Brackman, Roman. ''The Secret File of Joseph Stalin''. London: Frank Cass, 2001. pp. 202–203 {{ISBN|0-7146-5050-1}}</ref> Stalin turned on his former political ally, [[Nikolai Bukharin]], who was the last real threat to his power. By the end of the year Bukharin had been defeated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Martyred for Communism |url=https://www.hoover.org/research/martyred-communism |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=Hoover Institution |language=en}}</ref> Once Stalin was in power, he turned his former support for Lenin's [[New Economic Policy]] into opposition.<ref>Alexander, Robert. ''International Trotskyism, 1929-1985.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 1991. p. 3 {{ISBN|0-8223-1066-X}}</ref> In November, Stalin declared that it "The Year of the [[Great Break (USSR)|Great Breakthrough]]" and stated that the country would focus on industrial programs as well as on collectivizing the grain supply. He hoped to surpass the West not only in agriculture, but in industry.<ref>[[Helen Rappaport|Rappaport, Helen]]. ''Joseph Stalin: a Biographical Companion''. City: ABC-Clio Inc., 1999. p. 119 {{ISBN|1-57607-084-0}}</ref> Millions of Soviet farmers were removed from their private farms, their property was collected, and they were moved to state-owned farms. Stalin emphasized in 1929 a campaign demonizing [[kulak]]s as a plague on society. Kulak property was taken and they were deported by cattle train to areas of frozen tundra.<ref>Gilbert, 761–2</ref>

The timber market in Finland began to decline in 1929 due to the Great Depression, as well as the Soviet Union's entrance into the market. Financial and political problems culminated in the birth of the fascist [[Lapua Movement]] on [[November 23]] in a demonstration in [[Lapua]]. The movement's stated aim was Finnish democracy and anti-communism.<ref>Singleton, Frederick and Anthony Upton. ''A Short History of Finland''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. p. 117; {{ISBN|0-521-64701-0}}</ref> The Finnish legislature received heavy pressure to remove basic rights from Communist groups.<ref>Capoccia, Giovanni. Defending Democracy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. p. 153–154 {{ISBN|0-8018-8038-6}}</ref> Politics in Lithuania was heated, as President Voldemaras was unpopular in some quarters, and survived an assassination attempt in [[Kaunas]].<ref name="Vaicikonis">[http://www.lituanus.org/1984_3/84_3_06.htm Kristina Vaičikonis. ''Augustinas Voldemaras''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423015346/http://www.lituanus.org/1984_3/84_3_06.htm|date=April 23, 2017}}. Lituanus, Vol. 30, No. 3, Fall 1984, ed. [[Antanas Klimas]]; {{ISSN|0024-5089}}</ref> Later, while attending a meeting of the [[League of Nations]], he was ousted in a coup by President [[Antanas Smetona|Smetona]], who made himself dictator. Upon Voldemaras' removal from office, [[Iron Wolf (organization)|Geležinis Vilkas]] went underground and received aid and encouragement in its activities from Germany.<ref name=" Vaicikonis"/> The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was renamed the "Kingdom of Yugoslavia" as [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|King Alexander]] sought to unite the South Slavs under his rule.<ref>Lukic, Reneo and Allen Lynch. Europe from the Balkans to the Urals. Solna: SIPRI, 1996. p. 68 {{ISBN|0-19-829200-7}}</ref> The state's new Monarchy replaced the old parliament, which had been dominated by Serbs.<ref>Payne, Stanley. A History of Fascism, 1914-1945. New York: Routledge, 1996. pp. 143–144 {{ISBN|1-85728-595-6}}</ref>