Editing 1912 Summer Olympics (section)

==Events==
[[File:1912 Stockholm Olympics - Gymnastics, Athletics, Fencing & 5000 metres.webm|right|thumb|[[Pathé]] newsreel showing highlights from the 1912 Olympics, including [[Gymnastics at the 1912 Summer Olympics|gymnastics]], [[Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics|athletics]], and [[Fencing at the 1912 Summer Olympics|fencing]]]]
The Swedish delegation at the IOC meeting in Berlin on 28 May 1909 had proposed a simple Olympic schedule containing only "pure" athletics, swimming, gymnastics and wrestling. However other countries requested that the schedule be more comprehensive,<ref name="off20">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 20.</ref> and with that in mind they put forward a further programme at the IOC meeting in 1911 which was met with approval. The sports which were added were the [[tug of war]], cycling, fencing, football, horse riding, lawn tennis, rowing, shooting, skating and yacht racing.<ref name="off22">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 22.</ref><ref name="off53">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 53.</ref> The question of adding skating to the programme was discussed once more on 7 February 1910, with the decision being made to drop it from the schedule. It was felt to be unsuitable because it was a winter sport, and it was to be part of the [[Nordic Games]] the following year.<ref name="off53"/> Boxing was removed from the programme as it was unappealing to the Swedes.<ref>{{cite news|title=A journey of 116 years|url=http://www.sportstaronnet.com/stories/20120712505602700.htm|access-date=6 July 2012|newspaper=Sportstar Weekly}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Art competitions at the 1912 Summer Olympics|Art competitions]] were considered at a further meeting on 14 February 1910,<ref name="off53"/> and were subsequently added to the programme,<ref name=off806 /> but now art competitions are no longer regarded as official Olympic events by the [[International Olympic Committee]].
As a result, now the 1912 Summer Olympics programme considered composed of 14 sports encompassing 18 disciplines and 102 events. The number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses.

{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*Aquatics
**{{GamesSport|Diving|Events=4|Format=d}}
**{{GamesSport|Swimming|Events=9|Format=d}}
**{{GamesSport|Water polo|Events=1|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Athletics|Events=30|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Cycling|Events=2|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Equestrian|Format=d}}
**Dressage <small>(1)</small>
**Eventing <small>(2)</small>
**Show jumping <small>(2)</small>
*{{GamesSport|Fencing|Events=5|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Football|Events=1|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Gymnastics|Events=4|Format=d}}
*[[File:Modern pentathlon pictogram (pre-2025).svg|20px]] [[Modern pentathlon at the 1912 Summer Olympics|Modern pentathlon]] <small>(1)</small>
*{{GamesSport|Rowing|Events=4|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Sailing|Events=4|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Shooting|Events=18|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Tennis|Events=8|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Tug of war|Events=1|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Wrestling|Events=5|Format=d}}
}}

[[Baseball at the 1912 Summer Olympics|Baseball]], [[Glima]] (as the second Olympic demonstration of the sport after [[1908 Summer Olympics]]<ref>{{cite book |authorlink= Bill Mallon, Jeroen Heijmans |title= Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mM0XzW03AcC&q=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Olympic+Movement|year=2011|page=141|isbn= 9780810875227 |last1= Mallon |first1= Bill |last2= Heijmans |first2= Jeroen |publisher= Scarecrow Press }}</ref>) and [[Gotland sports at the 1912 Summer Olympics|Gotland sports]] were unofficial demonstration sports.<ref name="Yttergren 2018">{{cite journal | last=Yttergren | first=Leif | title=Baseball, glima and Gotlandic sport : An analysis of the demonstration sports in the 1912 Stockholm Olympics | journal=Diagoras: International Academic Journal on Olympic Studies | volume=2 | date=2018-11-16 | pages=103–122 | url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1263741&dswid=3997 | access-date=2024-01-27}}</ref> This was also the first year [[Art competitions at the Summer Olympics|art competitions]] were held at the Olympics.

===Athletics===
{{Main|Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics}}
[[image:1912 Athletics men's 100 metre final3.JPG|thumb|right|The final moments of the men's 100 metre final]]
The athletic events saw the introduction of a fully automatic timing system developed by R. Carlstedt. It involved attaching [[electromagnet]]s to [[Stopwatch|chronometers]] in a system which attached a control lamp to the starting gun for each race. This resulted in the firing of the gun starting a timer which was then stopped by one of the judges at the finishing line.<ref name="off348">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 348.</ref> The final of the [[Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres|men's 100 metres]] was expected to be a mostly American affair, and it ended up with six athletes, only one of whom was not from the United States. It suffered from seven false starts before the athletes finally got away, with [[Ralph Craig]] winning the gold medal by {{convert|60|cm|in}} in front of second place [[Alvah Meyer]]. [[Donald Lippincott]] won bronze, 15&nbsp;cm behind the second man.<ref name="off353">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 353.</ref><ref name="off354">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 354.</ref>

[[Shizo Kanakuri|Kanakuri Shizō]], a [[Japan]]ese marathon runner, went missing during the race. He lost consciousness by heatstroke and a farming family helped him to stop at a party taking place in a villa on the marathon route in order to quench his thirst, then caught a train to Stockholm and left the country the next day. He returned to Japan without notifying race officials. Fifty years later, after being invited back by the Swedish authorities, he completed the race with an (unofficial) time of 54 years, 8 months, 6 days, 8 hours, 32 minutes and 20.3 seconds.<ref>{{cite news|first=Edan|last=Corkill|title=Better late than never for Japan's first, "slowest" Olympian|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/fl20120715x3.html#.UARWxI6F-S0|newspaper=[[The Japan Times]]|date=15 July 2012|access-date=5 June 2016|archive-date=1 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101162249/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/fl20120715x3.html#.UARWxI6F-S0|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Francisco Lázaro]] died from [[heat exhaustion]] while running the marathon, the only athlete to die during the running of an Olympic marathon.<ref>{{cite news|title=Marathon History|url=http://aimsworldrunning.org/marathon_history.htm|access-date=7 July 2012|newspaper=Association of International Marathons and Distance Races|archive-date=3 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203003751/http://aimsworldrunning.org/marathon_history.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In addition to the physical toll of the event, the reported split time for the 5 km checkpoint at Stocksund (2:17:20 after a 1:48:00 start)<ref name="off385">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 385.</ref> implies an unusually slow 29:20 opening segment, followed by an unrealistically fast 10 km pace. Olympic marathon historian David E. Martin has noted this discrepancy as a likely timing error.<ref>David E. Martin & Roger W.H. Gynn, ''The Olympic Marathon'', Human Kinetics, 2000, p. 88. </ref>


American [[Jim Thorpe]] won the [[pentathlon]] and the newly created [[decathlon]]. Thorpe's gold medals were stripped by the [[International Olympic Committee]] in 1913, after the IOC learned that Thorpe had taken expense money for playing baseball, violating contemporary Olympic [[amateurism]] rules, before the 1912 Games. This moved everyone else up in the rankings. In 1982, the IOC was convinced that the disqualification had been improper, as no protest against Thorpe's eligibility had been brought within the required 30 days, and reinstated Thorpe's medals. The replicas were presented to his children in 1983, 30 years after Thorpe's death.<ref name=allrounder>{{cite news|title=Jim Thorpe an all-rounder|url=http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=11670|access-date=7 July 2012|newspaper=The Island|date=20 November 2010}}</ref><ref name=rollercoaster>{{cite news|last=Botelho|first=Greg|title=Roller-coaster life of Indian icon, sports' first star|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/europe/07/09/jim.thorpe/|access-date=7 July 2012|newspaper=CNN|date=14 July 2004}}</ref> Finally, in 2022, the IOC posthumously declared Thorpe as the sole winner of the pentathlon and decathlon events after extensive consultations with his former competitors' families who said they had always viewed Thorpe as the winner.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/34245374/ioc-reinstates-jim-thorpe-sole-winner-1912-olympic-decathlon-pentathlon | title=Thorpe reinstated as sole winner in 1912 events | date=15 July 2022 }}</ref>

New [[Olympic record]]s were set in the majority of track and field events, with only the men's [[Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metres|200 metres]], [[Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 kilometres walk|10 km walk]], [[Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's high jump|standing high jump]], [[Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's standing long jump|standing broad jump]], [[Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's triple jump|hop, step and jump]], and the hurdle competitions failing to have new records set. [[Tell Berna]] captured a gold for the 3000m and [[Henry S. "Harry" Babcock]] took gold for the pole vault, setting an Olympic Record at 3.95m. [[Hannes Kolehmainen]] was the most successful in setting records at the games, with new Olympic Records set in the [[Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's 5000 metres|5,000]], [[Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's 10,000 metres|10,000 metre]] and [[Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's individual cross country|cross country]] races.<ref name="off850">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 850.</ref>

===Cycling===
{{Main|Cycling at the 1912 Summer Olympics}}
The cycling events at the 1912 Games were limited to a road race around Lake [[Mälaren]], which had already been a successful route for a yearly cycling race.<ref name="off428">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 428.</ref> Although not originally in the schedule, several countries requested that track cycling be added;<ref name="off428"/> however, the organizing committee stuck by their plans not to build a new track cycling stadium as the only one in Stockholm had been destroyed in order for the Olympic Stadium to be built.<ref name="off427">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 427.</ref> In addition, Germany had specifically requested Cycle-Polo and Figure-Cycling to be added to the programme, both of which requests were turned down by the committee.<ref name="off429">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 429.</ref>

It was decided to hold the road race as a time trial, and to outlaw any non-competitive cyclists acting as [[Pacemaker (running)|pacemakers]].<ref name="off429"/> Nineteen nations entered 151 athletes into the competition, which was a greater number than expected by the committee.<ref name="off431">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 431.</ref> The largest group was from Great Britain, who had entered twelve competitors from England, another twelve from Scotland, and a further nine from Ireland.<ref name="off432">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 432.</ref> The race began on 7 July, with the athletes leaving in groups. The first group left at 2am, with the remaining groups leaving at intervals of two minutes.<ref name="off438">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 438.</ref> The distance raced was {{convert|318|km|mi}}, with South African [[Rudolph Lewis (cyclist)|Rudolph Lewis]] winning the gold medal in the individual race. [[Frederick Grubb]] of Great Britain won the silver medal, and [[Carl Schutte]] of the United States won the bronze.<ref name="off443">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 443.</ref> However, the average positions of the Swedish team were better than their competitors', and so the Swedish team won the gold medal for the team competition. The silver and bronze medals followed the individual victories, going to Great Britain and the United States respectively – giving Grubb and Schutte a second medal each of the same varieties.<ref name="off450">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 450.</ref>

===Diving===
{{Main|Diving at the 1912 Summer Olympics}}

All of the medals in the men's competitions were split between the diving teams of the Sweden and Germany. The men's high dive was a Swedish white out, with Swedish divers taking all three medal positions. [[Erik Adlerz]] took the gold medal,<ref name="off730">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 730.</ref> and proceeded to take the gold medal for Sweden in the 10 metre platform too. [[Albert Zürner]] took the silver for Germany, and [[Gustaf Blomgren]] won the bronze medal for Sweden.<ref name="off738">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 738.</ref> Another white out occurred in the 3 metre springboard with all three medals going to the German team, with [[Paul Günther]] taking gold, [[Hans Luber]] in the silver medal position and [[Kurt Behrens]] in bronze.<ref name="off738"/> A 10-metre platform event also took place for women, with Sweden taking two more medals, [[Greta Johansson]] in gold and [[Lisa Regnell]] in silver. Great Britain's [[Isabelle White]] won the bronze medal. The remaining finalists were all from Sweden.<ref name="off739">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 739.</ref>

===Equestrian===
{{Main|Equestrian at the 1912 Summer Olympics}}
[[image:1912 Axel Nordlander.JPG|thumb|left|Axel Nordlander, who won two gold medals for Sweden in dressage]]

Equestrian made its first appearance at a modern Olympics in the 1912 Games.<ref name="off564"/> Although competitions involving horse riding had been included in the [[1900 Summer Olympics|programme of 1900]], this was the first appearance of modern Olympic staples such as [[dressage]], [[eventing]] and [[show jumping]]. It was expected that the competitors would be military personnel as they would have had the cavalry experience to compete.<ref name="off564">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 564.</ref> The competition was split between the military competitions,<ref name="off583">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 583.</ref> prize riding and prize jumping.<ref name="off593">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 593.</ref><ref name="off595">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 595.</ref>

In the military competition, seven countries put forward competitors for the individual and team eventing. Each nation put forward four athletes with the exception of [[Denmark]], which only put forward three. Some of the countries also nominated reserves in addition to their main athletes. The total length of the course was {{convert|55|km|mi}} with the start and finish both in the grounds of the Field Riding Club. The heat was such on the day of the event that competitors lost as much as {{convert|4.5|lb|kg}} in weight.<ref name="off583"/> Swede [[Axel Nordlander]] won the individual competition, and led the Swedish eventing team to victory as well, earning himself two gold medals. In second place in the individual competition was German [[Friedrich von Rochow]], who also earned a second silver medal as the team from Germany placed second overall. Only the bronze medals were split up between nationalities, with the American team including [[Guy Henry (equestrian)|Guy Vernor Henry, Jr. ]] taking the bronze for the team event, while Frenchman [[Jacques Cariou]] won the individual medal.<ref name="off592">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 592.</ref>

Two additional countries entered for the dressage, although only Sweden entered the maximum number of competitors.<ref name="off593"/> The event resulted in Sweden taking all three medals, with the gold going to [[Carl Bonde]], the silver to [[Gustaf Adolf Boltenstern]] and the bronze to [[Hans von Blixen-Finecke]].<ref name="off856">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 856.</ref> The individual show jumping competition was the only individual equestrian event at the 1912 Olympics in which Sweden won no medals, with the gold medal instead going to Cariou of the French to add to his bronze medal from the dressage, [[Rabod von Kröcher]] taking the silver for Germany, and [[Emmanuel de Blommaert]] winning the bronze for [[Belgium]].<ref name="off856"/> The team event saw Sweden take another gold medal, with the French team second and the German team, featuring [[Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia (1893–1917)|Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia]], in the bronze medal position.<ref name="off602">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 602.</ref>

===Fencing===
{{Main|Fencing at the 1912 Summer Olympics}}
The foil competition became a full Olympic event, having appeared at the 1908 Games as a demonstration sport.<ref name="off466">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 466.</ref> [[Nedo Nadi]] and [[Pietro Speciale]] of Italy took the gold and silver medals respectively, and [[Richard Verderber]] of [[Austria]] placed third.<ref name="off465">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 465.</ref> There were individual and team events in both épée and sabre. The épée team event saw [[Belgium]] take the gold medal and Great Britain and the [[Netherlands]] in second and third place respectively.<ref name="off468">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 468.</ref> A member of the Belgian team went on to take the individual title as well, with [[Paul Anspach]] taking the gold medal. [[Ivan Joseph Martin Osiier]] of Denmark took the silver medal, and another Belgian who was not in the team event, [[Philippe le Hardy de Beaulieu]], won the bronze medal.<ref name="off472">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 472.</ref>

The sabre competition was dominated by the competitors from [[Hungary]], with their team taking the gold medal over [[Austria]] and the Netherlands.<ref name="off473">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 473.</ref> The individual competition saw a shut out by Hungarian athletes with [[Jenő Fuchs]] winning the overall competition, [[Béla Békessy]] in second and [[Ervin Mészáros]] in third.<ref name="off477">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 477.</ref>

===Football===
{{Main|Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics}}
[[image:1912 Stockholm Football Final.jpg|thumb|right|Great Britain plays Denmark in the final of the football tournament]]
Thirteen countries signalled their intention to enter [[Association football|football]] teams for the 1912 Olympics. A standard cup tie system was implemented, with the final deciding the gold and silver medallists and a third/fourth position playoff deciding the bronze medal winner. Only [[FIFA]] affiliated teams were allowed to take part, with the public draw for the tournament taking place on 18 June 1911.<ref name="off483">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 483.</ref> The tournament itself started on 29 June. In the first round Finland defeated Italy 3–2,<ref name="off484">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 484.</ref> Austria beat Germany 5–1 and the Netherlands emerged victorious over Sweden 4–3.<ref name="off485">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 485.</ref><ref name="off486">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 486.</ref> The team from Great Britain, who had won the gold medal at the 1908 Summer Games, were given a bye to the second round, where they faced Hungary and won 7–0.<ref name="off488">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 488.</ref> Finland also won their match, defeating Russia 2–1.<ref name="off487">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 487.</ref> Denmark matched the British scoreline, winning 7–0 against [[Norway]],<ref name="off489">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 489.</ref> and the Netherlands won against Austria 3–1.<ref name="off490">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 490.</ref>

The semi final matches pitted Great Britain against Finland, where they won 4–0,<ref name="off491">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 491.</ref> and Denmark against the Netherlands, ending in a 4–1 victory for Denmark.<ref name="off492">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 492.</ref> The Netherlands won the third/fourth place playoff by the biggest scoreline of the tournament, beating Finland 9–0.<ref name="off495">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 495.</ref> Later on the same day the final was played in the Olympic Stadium, where Great Britain retained its gold medal against Denmark in front of 25,000 spectators. Goals from [[Harold Walden]], [[Arthur Berry (footballer)|Arthur Berry]] and two from [[Gordon Hoare]] helped Britain to win by a margin of 4–2.<ref name="off493">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 493.</ref>

===Gymnastics===
{{Main|Gymnastics at the 1912 Summer Olympics}}
The gymnastic competition at the 1912 Games featured a [[Gymnastics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's all-around|single individual competition]] and three team events in addition to a variety of displays by the various teams. The Swedish team naturally won the [[Gymnastics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's team, Swedish system|Gymnastics event of the Swedish system]], referred to in the programme as "Team Competition I", with fellow [[Scandinavia]]n teams Denmark and Norway taking the second and third positions. The [[Gymnastics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's team|all around team competition]] came second, with Italy taking the gold.<ref name="off855">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 855.</ref> In addition, one of the Italian team members, [[Alberto Braglia]], won the individual gold for the same event. [[Louis Ségura]] of the French team won the individual silver, while another member of the Italian team, [[Adolfo Tunesi]], won the individual bronze.<ref name="off856"/> The all around team competition saw Hungary take the silver medal and the team from Great Britain in third place.<ref name="off855"/> The [[Gymnastics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's team, free system|final team competition]] allowed for a free choice of movements and apparatus.<ref name="off562">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 562.</ref> This was another all Scandinavian affair, with the Norwegian team emerging victorious, Finland in second and Denmark in the bronze medal position.<ref name="off856"/>

===Modern pentathlon===
{{Main|Modern pentathlon at the 1912 Summer Olympics}}

[[Modern pentathlon]] was competed for at the 1912 Games, marking its first appearance in the Olympics.<ref name="off640">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 640.</ref> It was for these games that the five events of shooting, swimming, equestrian, fencing and cross country running were decided to make up the pentathlon.<ref name="off641">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 641.</ref> The competition was spread out across five days from 7 through to 12 July, ending with the cross country race.<ref name="off646">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 646.</ref> Only men participated in the event, although a woman named [[Helen Preece]] was briefly enrolled to compete until the organizing committee ultimately denied her entry.<ref>{{Cite news|title='An Olympiad with females would be impractical, uninteresting, unaesthetic and improper.' - Baron Pierre de Coubertin|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/an-olympiad-with-females-would-be-impractical-uninteresting-unaesthetic-and-improper-baron-pierre-de-coubertin-1.1222948|access-date=2021-06-22|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en}}</ref>
[[image:1912 fencing patton and mas latrie.jpg|thumb|right|Jean de Mas Latrie and George S. Patton competing in the fencing event of the Modern pentathlon]]
For the shooting element, each competitor was allowed to bring their own pistol. The American competitor [[George S. Patton]] (later better known as the [[Second World War]] [[US Army]] [[General]]) used a  .38 caliber [[Colt revolver]], while the Danish competitors preferred the [[Danish Army]] [[service pistol]], the [[Bergmann–Bayard pistol|Bergmann–Bayard]], the Germans and Norwegians used the [[Luger P08 pistol]] and the Swedes used a target practice pistol by [[Smith & Wesson]].<ref name="off647">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 647.</ref> The shooting part of the competition was won by [[Gösta Åsbrink]], with [[Georg de Laval]] and [[Gösta Lilliehöök (1884–1974)|Gösta Lilliehöök]] in second and third place respectively, all three representing Sweden.<ref name="off650">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 650.</ref>

The swimming event was three lengths, each of {{convert|100|m|ft}}, with the athletes split into eight heats and times going forward to calculate positions. [[Ralph Clilverd]] of Great Britain won this event, with [[Edmond Bernhardt]] of Austria in second and de Laval in third.<ref name="off651">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 651.</ref> The fencing competition saw each competitor face off against each other. Several opponents were noted for their particular skill in the event with [[Åke Grönhagen]] of Sweden coming first with 24 wins, [[Jean de Mas Latrie]] of France second with 23, [[Sidney Stranne]] of Sweden in third with 21 and Patton of the United States close behind with 20.<ref name="off654">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 654.</ref> Thirteen of the competitors cleared the equestrian course without any penalties, with Grönhagen winning the event, [[Bror Mannström]] of Sweden in second and de Laval third.<ref name="off654"/>

The cross country run was over 4,000 metres and started in the Olympic Stadium itself. The event was run as a time trial with competitors leaving one minute apart.<ref name="off655">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 655.</ref> As this was the final event, the winning competitors were announced after the race, with Lilliehöök winning the gold medal, Åsbrink taking silver and de Laval, bronze. The highest placed non-Swedish competitor was Patton, who finished fifth.<ref name="off656">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 656.</ref>

===Rowing===
{{Main|Rowing at the 1912 Summer Olympics}}
The rowing events at the 1912 Olympics did not prove popular with the public. This was put down to the "fatigue" of the public due to the volume of sporting events.<ref name="off676">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 676.</ref> The [[Rowing at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's eight|eight]] competition was split into heats, with two teams in each heat.<ref name="off662">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 662.</ref> The two British crews were lucky not to be drawn against each other, with the team from [[Leander Club]] facing [[New College, Oxford]] in the final. Leander won by a length with a time of 6:15.<ref name="off667">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 667.</ref> The [[Rowing at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's coxed four|coxed four]] followed a similar format to the eights, with the German team from [[Ludwigshafener Ruderverein]] defeating Britain's [[Thames Rowing Club]] in the final.<ref name="off670">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 670.</ref>

The competition for the [[Rowing at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's coxed four, inriggers|coxed four, inriggers]] was much smaller, with only four nations competing. The Danish team defeated Sweden in the final.<ref name="off672">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 672.</ref> The [[Rowing at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's single sculls|single sculls]] heats proved controversial with the first round race between [[Mart Kuusik]] and [[Alfred Heinrich (rower)|Alfred Heinrich]] being re-run after a protest by Heinrich. In addition, [[Cecil McVilly]] was disqualified in the first round after colliding with the boat of [[Martin Stahnke]].<ref name="off673">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 673.</ref> [[Wally Kinnear]] of Great Britain defeated [[Polydore Veirman]] of Belgium in the final,<ref name="off675">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 675.</ref> with Kinnear winning the matchup easily.<ref name="off676"/>

===Sailing===
{{Main|Sailing at the 1912 Summer Olympics}}
The yachts for the sailing competition assembled at [[Nynäshamn]] on 19 July, along with the other vessels that were to take part in an Olympic [[regatta]].<ref name="off774">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 774.</ref> The racing itself started the following day with the [[Sailing at the 1912 Summer Olympics – 12 metre class|12 metre class]].<ref name="off775">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 775.</ref> There were only three nations and yachts competing in this event, the hosts Sweden, as well as Norway and Finland.<ref name="off774"/> Norway won the gold medal, Sweden the silver and Finland came in last place, winning bronze.<ref name="off782">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 782.</ref> The [[Sailing at the 1912 Summer Olympics – 10 metre class|10 metre class]] had the same number of countries entering it, although this time Sweden entered two yachts and Russia competed instead of Norway.<ref name="off774"/> The Swedish yacht ''Kitty'' was the winning vessel, with the Finnish boat in second and the [[Russia]]ns coming third.<ref name="off782"/>

A slightly improved field was featured in the [[Sailing at the 1912 Summer Olympics – 8 metre class|8 metre class]], with four countries entering two yachts each.<ref name="off774"/> The medals were awarded to exactly the same nations as the 12 metre class, another all Scandinavian affair.<ref name="off782"/> The [[Sailing at the 1912 Summer Olympics – 6 metre class|6 metre class]] saw the most diverse field of any of the sailing events at the 1912 Olympics: six countries entered a total of nine yachts. France and Denmark competed in their only sailing event, along with Sweden, sending two yachts each.<ref name="off774"/> Those three nations were the successful in the event, with the French yacht ''Mac Miche'' taking the gold, the Danish ''Nurdug II'' taking silver and the Swedish ''Kerstin'' placing third.<ref name="off783">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 783.</ref>

===Shooting===
{{Main|Shooting at the 1912 Summer Olympics}}
There were eighteen shooting events at the 1912 Olympics, of which eight were team events. The competition was split predominantly into three sections: military rifle shooting,<ref name="off679">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 679.</ref> shooting with miniature rifles, pistols and revolvers,<ref name="off691">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 691.</ref> and clay bird and running deer shooting.<ref name="off704">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 704.</ref> The Swedish and American competitors were the most successful at the competition, with seven gold medals each, although Sweden won a total of seventeen medals while the United States team won fourteen.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shooting at the 1912 Stockholm Summer Games|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1912/SHO/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417054158/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1912/SHO/|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 April 2020|publisher=Sports-Reference.com|access-date=8 July 2012}}</ref>  64-year-old [[Oscar Swahn]], part of the Swedish single shot running deer team, is still the oldest gold medal winner in Olympic history.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/shooting/16513361|title=Get Involved: Shooting|publisher=BBC|date=2012-07-11|access-date=2012-07-30}}</ref>

===Swimming===
{{Main|Swimming at the 1912 Summer Olympics}}
[[image:Fanny Durack and Mina Wylie-1-.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Fanny Durack and Mina Wylie, the gold and silver medallists in the first women's individual swimming event]]
In swimming, [[Hawaii]]an [[Duke Kahanamoku]] won the 100 metre freestyle for the United States,<ref name="off718">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 718.</ref> who also saw [[Harry Hebner]] win gold in the 100 metre backstroke.<ref name="off722">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 722.</ref> The Canadian team also took two gold medals, both by [[George Hodgson]] in the 400 and 1,500 metre events.<ref name="off719">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 719.</ref><ref name="off721">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 721.</ref> The German swimming team won all three medals in the 200 metre breaststroke, with the gold going to [[Walter Bathe]],<ref name="off723">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 723.</ref> who won a further gold in the 400 metre breaststroke.<ref name="off724">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 724.</ref> The Australasian team was victorious in the men's relay, with the United States finishing in the silver medal position and Great Britain placing third.<ref name="off725">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 725.</ref>

The 1912 Games saw the implementation of swimming events for women, with the [[Swimming at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metre freestyle|100 metre freestyle]] and 400 metre team relay taking place. [[Fanny Durack]] won the individual contest, breaking the world record for the distance in the fourth heat. Her fellow [[Australia]]n [[Mina Wylie]] won the silver medal, and [[Jennie Fletcher]] of Great Britain came third to take the bronze medal.<ref name="off726">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 726.</ref> The British team had further success in the women's relay, winning the team relay with the German team in second place and the Austrian team in third.<ref name="off726"/> Because only four countries entered the relay there were no heats; only a final was held. The United States did not field a women's team. New Olympic Records were set in all swimming events at the 1912 Games.<ref name="off851">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 851.</ref>

===Tennis===
{{Main|Tennis at the 1912 Summer Olympics}}
Tennis on covered courts was agreed initially for the 1912 Games, with competitions run for gentlemen's singles and doubles, ladies' singles, and mixed doubles.<ref name="off616">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 616.</ref> The outdoor tournament was confirmed once the Östermalm Athletic Grounds were completed in late 1911, with the plans modified to have both indoor and outdoor tournaments.<ref name="off617">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 617.</ref>

Six countries sent players for the covered court competitions, with representatives from Sweden, Great Britain, Denmark, France, [[Australasia]], and [[Bohemia]] appearing. Included in this lineup was Australasia's only competitor, [[Tony Wilding|Anthony Wilding]] from [[New Zealand]], who was also the reigning [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]] [[List of Wimbledon gentlemen's singles champions|gentlemen's champion]].<ref name="off618">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 618.</ref> The indoor knockout competition started on 5 May, and continued as expected until the semi-final round where Wilding was beaten by Britain's [[Charles P. Dixon]].<ref name="off620">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 620.</ref> The British player met Frenchman [[André Gobert]] in the final, but Gobert was victorious over the Englishman in straight sets. Wilding took the bronze medal in a playoff against another British player, [[Arthur Lowe (tennis)|Arthur Lowe]].<ref name="off621">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 621.</ref>

[[File:Felix Pipes.jpeg|thumb|180px|[[Felix Pipes]], tennis doubles silver medalist.]]
The outdoors tennis competition saw 70 players enter from 12 nations. However, Great Britain did not enter any competitors as the dates of the outdoor competition clashed with the [[1912 Wimbledon Championships]], despite attempts by the British authorities to convince the Olympic organizing committee to change the dates. Other noted tennis players refused to compete at the Olympics and instead attended Wimbledon.<ref name="off630">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 630.</ref> The gold and silver medals in the gentlemen's singles ended up being decided between two South Africans, with [[Charles Winslow]] and [[Harold Kitson]] playing each other. Winslow won the match and the gold medal, 7–5, 4–6, 10–8, 8–6.<ref name="off633">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 633.</ref> The duo also competed as a pair in the gentlemen's doubles and took the gold medal, beating the Austrians [[Felix Pipes]] and [[Arthur Zborzil]].<ref name="off634">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 634.</ref> [[Marguerite Broquedis]] of France defeated [[Dorothea Koring]] of Germany in the ladies' singles for the gold medal.<ref name="off636">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 636.</ref> In the mixed doubles Koring teamed up with [[Heinrich Schomburgk]] to win the gold, the duo defeating [[Sigrid Fick]] and [[Gunnar Setterwall]] of Sweden in the final.<ref name="off637">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 637.</ref>

===Tug of war===
{{Main|Tug of war at the 1912 Summer Olympics}}
[[image:1912 summer olympics tug of war.jpg|thumb|left|The only tug of war bout which took place at the 1912 Games]]
The tug of war competition was scheduled to take place between 7 and 12 July, with two matches taking place each day. However, out of the five countries which elected to enter the competition, only two actually appeared. Great Britain arrived for its match against Bohemia, but the opposition team was nowhere to be found. Britain was duly declared the winner. The same thing happened once more for the second match, with the Swedish team, made up of policemen from Stockholm, arriving to find that the Austrian team had not arrived. Sweden was announced as the winners of the match in the Austrians' absence.<ref name="off425">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 425.</ref>

On the second day of the competition, Great Britain took on Sweden, the only occasion where both teams actually turned up for the bout. The British team were made up of the winners of the gold medal in the same event at the 1908 Games, with the exception of [[John Sewell (athlete)|John Sewell]] and [[Mathias Hynes]]. As the British team also consisted of policemen, the bout ended up effectively being between the [[City of London Police]] and the Stockholm Police, with the Swedish team winning 2–0.<ref name="off425"/> Due to the non-appearance of the team from [[Luxembourg]], that one match ended up being the entire tug of war event at the 1912 Olympics. Sweden was awarded the gold medal and Great Britain the silver.<ref name="off426">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 426.</ref>

===Water polo===
{{Main|Water polo at the 1912 Summer Olympics}}
The water polo tournament was set up on a modified elimination system as there were six teams entered. The first round saw the British team defeating the Belgian team, Sweden defeating the French team and Austria defeating Hungary. Lots were drawn to determine which match would take place in the second round as there were three teams left in the competition. Great Britain were drawn to face Sweden, who they defeated. Austria automatically qualified for the final against the winner of the Britain-Sweden matchup.<ref name="off741">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 741.</ref> Great Britain won the gold medal in the event, defeating Austria 8–0.<ref name="off745">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 745.</ref> Playoff matches were then played between each pair of defeated teams in order to decide the second and third places.<ref name="off742">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 742.</ref> Sweden and Belgium played off after a further three matches to decide the silver and bronze medal positions, with Sweden emerging victorious 4–2.<ref name="off747">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 747.</ref>

===Wrestling===
{{Main|Wrestling at the 1912 Summer Olympics}}
[[image:Martin Klein and Alfred Asikainen.jpg|thumb|right|Martin Klein and Alfred Asikainen, whose wrestling bout lasted for 11 hours and 40 minutes]]
The nations at the 1912 Games entered a total of 267 wrestlers, although the actual competitors who appeared in Sweden were fewer, with 171 actually turning up to compete.<ref name="off752"/> [[Greco-Roman wrestling]] was the only style of wrestling competed for at the Games.<ref name=ancientart>{{cite news|title=Ancient art back in Athens|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics_2004/wrestling/history/default.stm|access-date=7 July 2012|newspaper=BBC News|date=16 March 2004}}</ref> The bouts took place in the open air in an area of the Olympic stadium, with the wrestlers split according to weight into five divisions: [[Wrestling at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman featherweight|featherweight]], [[Wrestling at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman lightweight|lightweight]], [[Wrestling at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman middleweight|middleweight A]] (later referred to as middleweight), [[Wrestling at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman light heavyweight|middleweight B]] (later referred to as light heavyweight) and [[Wrestling at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman heavyweight|heavyweight]].<ref name="off752">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 752.</ref>

The skills of the competitors from Finland were noted in the featherweight competition, with [[Kaarlo Koskelo]] taking the gold medal, while German [[Georg Gerstäcker]] took silver and a further medal went to Finland with [[Otto Lasanen]] taking bronze.<ref name="off753">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 753.</ref> The lightweight class drew the most attention from the public, with [[Emil Väre]] winning gold after beating all of his opponents by pin rather than by points. Swedish wrestlers [[Gustaf Malmström]] and [[Edvin Mattiasson]] took the silver and bronze medals respectively.<ref name="off753"/> [[Claes Johanson]] won Sweden's only gold medal in the middleweight competition, with his fellow finalist from Russia, [[Martin Klein (wrestler)|Martin Klein]], retiring before fighting Johanson in the final. This was due to the semi-final match between Klein and [[Alfred Asikainen]] of Finland lasting 11 hours and forty minutes,<ref name=ancientart/> although they took breaks for refreshments every half-hour. Klein was awarded the silver medal and Asikainen the bronze.<ref name="off763">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 763.</ref>

The light heavyweight competition saw another marathon length match, with the bout between [[Anders Ahlgren]] of Sweden and [[Ivar Böhling]] of Finland for the gold medal lasting more than nine hours. The match was then declared a draw with both athletes being awarded the silver medal as neither won the match.<ref name="off763"/> The bronze medal went to Hungary's [[Béla Varga (wrestler)|Béla Varga]], who was defeated by Ahlgren in the semi-final match.<ref name="off764">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 764.</ref> [[Yrjö Saarela]] of Finland was victorious in the heavyweight competition after having placed second in the light heavyweight event at the 1908 Games. [[Johan Olin]] took another medal for Finland with the silver and [[Søren Marinus Jensen]] repeated his bronze medal at the 1908 Olympics with another for Denmark.<ref name="off764"/>

===Art competitions===
{{Main|Art competitions at the 1912 Summer Olympics}}
The 1912 Summer Olympics saw the introduction of [[art competitions at the Summer Olympics]].<ref name="off806">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 806.</ref> Events were implemented for literature, sculpture, painting, architecture and music.<ref name="off808">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 808.</ref><ref name="off809">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 809.</ref> [[Walter Winans]] won the gold medal for his sculpture, ''An American Trotter'',<ref name="off809"/> which added to his previous gold medal for the running deer (double shot) competition at the 1908 Olympics and the silver medal in the running deer competition in 1912.<ref name=Walter>{{cite web|title=Walter Winans|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/wi/walter-winans-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417203831/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/wi/walter-winans-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 April 2020|publisher=Sports-Reference.com|access-date=8 July 2012}}</ref>

Baron [[Pierre de Coubertin]], President of the IOC and founder of the modern Olympic movement,<ref name=coubertin>{{cite web|title=Pierre de Coubertin|url=http://en.beijing2008.cn/spirit/movement/evolution/n214070931.shtml|publisher=Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games|access-date=8 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715035804/http://en.beijing2008.cn/spirit/movement/evolution/n214070931.shtml|archive-date=15 July 2012}}</ref> won the gold medal for literature.<ref>{{cite news|last=Odden|first=Jonathan|title=Carving a place for artistic influence in the modern Olympic games|url=http://www.michigandaily.com/arts/art-olympics|access-date=8 July 2012|newspaper=The Michigan Daily|date=1 May 2012}}</ref> He actually entered the competition under the [[pseudonym]]s of Georges Hohrod and Martin Eschbach from Germany.<ref name="off809"/> With the exception of the sculpture competition, only gold medals were issued. Italian [[Riccardo Barthelemy]] won the medal for music with his ''Olympic Triumphal March'', and fellow countryman Giovanni Pellegrini won the gold for painting. The Swiss architects [[Eugène-Edouard Monod]] and [[Alphonse Laverrière]] shared the gold for their stadium design.<ref name="off809"/> The sole silver medal, for sculpture, went to Frenchman Georges Dubois for his ''Model of the entrance to a modern stadium''.<ref name="off808"/>

===Demonstration sports===
{{Main|Baseball at the 1912 Summer Olympics}}
In the evening of 7 July, demonstrations took place in the Olympic Stadium of sports from the Swedish island of [[Gotland]]. These began at 7:30pm with a demonstration of [[Pärk]], a type of tennis with seven players a side. At the same time, at the other end of the stadium, a type of [[Iceland]]ic wrestling called [[Glima]] was demonstrated.<ref name="off817">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 817.</ref> Once those displays had concluded, further demonstrations were made of the Swedish sport [[varpa]], similar to [[quoits]], and [[stångstörtning]], a version of the [[caber toss]].<ref name="off818">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 818.</ref><ref name="Yttergren 2018">{{cite journal | last=Yttergren | first=Leif | title=Baseball, glima and Gotlandic sport : An analysis of the demonstration sports in the 1912 Stockholm Olympics | journal=Diagoras: International Academic Journal on Olympic Studies | volume=2 | date=2018-11-16 | pages=103–122 | url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1263741&dswid=3997 | access-date=2024-01-27}}</ref> The three disciplines showcased were [[pärk]], [[varpa]] and [[stångstörtning]].<ref name="Yttergren 2018"/>


Baseball was also demonstrated at the Games. A game was played between the [[United States]], the nation where the game was developed, and [[Sweden]], the host nation. The game was held on Monday, 15 July 1912 and started at 10 [[12-hour clock|a.m.]] on the [[Ostermalm Athletic Grounds]] in [[Stockholm]]. The Americans were represented by various members of the American Olympic track and field athletics delegation, while the Swedish team was the [[Vesterås Baseball Club]], which had been formed in 1910 as the first baseball club in Sweden. Four of the Americans played for Sweden, as the Swedish [[pitcher]]s and [[catcher]]s were inexperienced. One Swede eventually relieved Adams and Nelson, the American pitchers.

Six innings were played, with the Americans not batting in the sixth and allowing the Swedes to have six outs in their half of the inning. The game was umpired by [[George Wright (sportsman)|George Wright]], a retired American [[National League (baseball)|National League]] baseball player.<ref name="off824">[[#official|Official Report (1913)]]: p. 824.</ref>