Editing 1859 (section)

=== October–December ===
[[Image:Origin of Species title page.jpg|right|200px]]
* [[October 16]] – [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] [[John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry|raids]] the [[Harpers Ferry Armory]] in [[Harpers Ferry, West Virginia|Harper's Ferry]], [[Virginia]], in an unsuccessful bid to spark a general slave rebellion.
* [[October 18]] –  Troops under Colonel [[Robert E. Lee]] overpower [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] at the Federal arsenal.
* [[October 26]] – The steamship ''[[Royal Charter (ship)|Royal Charter]]'' is wrecked on the coast of [[Anglesey]], Wales, with 454 dead.
* [[November 1]] – The current [[Cape Lookout (North Carolina)|Cape Lookout]], [[North Carolina]], [[Cape Lookout Lighthouse|lighthouse]] is lighted for the first time (its first-order [[Fresnel lens]] can be seen for 19 miles).
* [[November 10]] – The [[Treaty of Zürich]], reaffirming the terms of the [[Treaty of Villafranca]], brings the [[Austro-Sardinian War]] to an official close.
* [[November 15]] – The first [[Zappas Olympics]] open in Greece.
* [[November 24]]
** English naturalist [[Charles Darwin]] publishes ''[[On the Origin of Species]]'', a book which argues for the gradual [[evolution]] of [[species]] through [[natural selection]] (it immediately sells out its initial print run).
** The French Navy's ''[[La Gloire]]'', the first ocean-going ironclad warship in history, is launched.
* November – [[Bernhard Riemann]] publishes ''[[On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude]]''. In his paper there is an incidental comment that later becomes the [[Riemann Hypothesis]], one of the most important unsolved problems in Mathematics.
* [[December 2]] – Militant [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]] leader [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] is hanged for his [[October 16]] raid on [[Harpers Ferry, West Virginia]].
* [[December 10]] – The [[Ateneo de Manila University]] is founded, as the ''Escuela Municipal de Manila''.