Editing 1824 (section)

=== October–December ===
[[File:Batalla de Ayacucho by Martín Tovar y Tovar (1827 - 1902).jpg|thumb|right|December 9: [[Battle of Ayacucho]]]]
* [[October 4]] – The [[1824 Constitution of Mexico|First Constitution of Mexico]] is ratified, declaring the country to be a [[federal republic]] called the United Mexican States (Estados Unidos Mexicanos).<ref name="zavala">{{cite web |title=The Constitution of the Mexican United States, 1824 |url=http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/ccbn/dewitt/constit1824.htm |website=tamu.edu |publisher=Wallace L. McKeehan |access-date=February 4, 2017}}</ref>
* [[October 10]] – The [[Edinburgh]] Town Council founds the Edinburgh Municipal Fire Brigade, the first [[fire brigade]] in Britain, under the leadership of [[James Braidwood (firefighter)|James Braidwood]].{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
* [[October 21]] – [[Joseph Aspdin]] patents [[Portland cement]], receiving BP 5,022 for ''An Improvement in the Mode of Producing an Artificial Stone''.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Hewlett |editor-first1=Peter C. |title=Lea's Chemistry of Cement and Concrete |date=2001 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |location=Oxford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v1JVu4iifnMC&pg=PA8 |isbn=0-340-56589-6 |edition=4th}}</ref>
* [[November 5]] – [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]], the first [[technological university]] in the English-speaking world, is founded in [[Troy, New York]].<ref>{{cite web |title=RPI History |publisher=Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute |access-date=1 May 2009 |url=http://www.rpi.edu/about/history.html}}</ref>
* {{OldStyleDate|November 19||November 7}} – In the [[1824 St. Petersburg flood]], the worst up to that time in the Russian capital, [[Saint Petersburg]], water rises {{convert|421|cm|in}} above normal, and at least 200 people are killed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/arcadia/st-petersburg-flood-1824|title=The St. Petersburg Flood of 1824|date=February 25, 2014|website=Environment & Society Portal}}</ref>
* [[November 30]] – The first sod is turned in [[Ontario]] for the first of four [[Welland Canal]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://wellandcanals.ca/History.html | title=The Welland Canals – History}}</ref> The canal opens for a trial run five years later to the day, on November 30, 1829.
* [[December 3]] – [[1824 United States presidential election]]: None of the four candidates for U.S. president— [[Andrew Jackson]], [[John Quincy Adams]], [[Henry Clay]] or [[William H. Crawford]]— gain a majority of the electoral votes, although Jackson has a plurality of 40.5% of the popular vote. [[John C. Calhoun]] wins a majority of the electoral votes for Vice President. The election for President is carried out by the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] on February 9, 1825, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, with each of the 24 states having a vote, of which Adams receives 13 votes for the minimum majority necessary .<ref>Kolodny, Robin.  [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robin-Kolodny/publication/35167627_The_several_elections_of_1824_the_selection_of_President_John_Quincy_Adams/links/53ea5fc80cf2fb1b9b677c48/The-several-elections-of-1824-the-selection-of-President-John-Quincy-Adams.pdf "The Several Elections of 1824."](1996)</ref>
* [[December 9]] – [[Peruvian War of Independence]]: [[Battle of Ayacucho]] – Colombian and Peruvian forces led by [[Antonio José de Sucre]] defeat the Spanish. The commander, [[José de la Serna, 1st Count of the Andes|Viceroy de la Serna]], surrenders, ending Spain's domination of South America.<ref>''Batallas Decisivas de la Historia de España'' (Decisive Battles in the History of Spain) (Ed. Aguilar, 2004).</ref>
* [[December 24]] – The first American social fraternity, [[Chi Phi]] (ΧΦ), is founded at [[Princeton University]].<ref>Varnum Lansing Collins, ''Princeton'' (Oxford University Press, 1914) p.219</ref>
* [[December 28]] – In Australia, in what is now [[New South Wales]], the [[Bathurst War]] comes to an end, with the defeat of the [[Wiradjuri]] indigenous nation and the peaceful surrender of their leader, Chief [[Windradyne]], at a feast at Parramatta.<ref>Ben Kiernan, ''Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur'' (Yale University Press, 2008) p.264</ref>