Editing 1648 (section)

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 24]] &ndash; Signing of the Treaties of Münster and Osnabrück concludes the [[Peace of Westphalia]], ending the [[Thirty Years' War]]. Rulers of the [[Imperial State]]s can personally convert to [[Protestantism|Protestant]], [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] or [[Calvinism|Calvinist]]. Ecclesiastical property is restored to the status of 1624, with the minorities of each of the three recognized faiths granted toleration of worship, and there is general recognition of exclusive sovereignty, including that of the [[Dutch Republic]] and [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Switzerland]]. [[Kingdom of France|France]] and [[Sweden]] gain territory, and the latter is granted an [[indemnity]]. However, [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|France remains at war with Spain]] until 1659.
* [[October 31]] &ndash; A treaty is signed between the Arabs and the [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]]. The terms include a provision that the Portuguese should build fortresses at [[Qurayyat, Oman|Kuriyat]], [[Dibba Al-Hisn]] ([[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]]) and [[Muttrah]] ([[Oman]]).<ref>{{cite web|first=Marco |last=Ramerini |url=http://www.colonialvoyage.com/eng/asia/persian_gulf/index.html |title=The Portuguese in the Arabia Peninsula and in the Persian Gulf |work=Colonial Voyage |access-date=August 24, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911015234/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/portuguese-persian-gulf-arabian-peninsula/ |archive-date=September 11, 2015 }}</ref>
* [[November 11]] &ndash; France and the Netherlands agree to divide the [[Caribbean]] island of [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] between them.
* [[December 11]] &ndash; "[[Pride's Purge]]" in England: Elements of the [[New Model Army]], under the leadership of [[Oliver Cromwell]] invade London and expel a majority of the [[Long Parliament]], resulting in the creation of the [[Rump Parliament]].