Editing 1612 (section)

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 27]] &ndash; Forces of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]], which had been occupying Moscow for more than two years, surrender unconditionally to Russian militia forces and are allowed to leave after the [[Kremlin]] is liberated by Prince [[Dmitry Pozharsky]] and Prince [[Kuzma Minin]]. <ref>Chester Dunning, ''A Short History of Russia's First Civil War: The Time of Troubles and the Founding of the Romanov Dynasty'' (Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004) pp. 296–297</ref>
* [[November 20]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Nasuh Pasha]] is signed, between the [[Ottoman Empire]] (Turkey) and the [[Safavid Empire]] (Iran), with the Ottomans ceding back land they had captured from the Safavids after 1555, in return for Safavid payment of 200 loads of silk.<ref>[https://cdn2.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/2/C02000576.pdf "Ahmed I"], ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire''</ref>
* [[November 30]] &ndash; [[Battle of Swally]]: Forces of the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] and [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]] engage off the coast of India, resulting in an English victory.<ref>{{cite book|author=Manekshah Sorabshah Commissariat|title=A History of Gujarat: Including a Survey of Its Chief Architectural Monuments and Inscriptions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KURuAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Longmans, Green & Company, Limited|page=192|language=en}}</ref>
* [[December 15]] &ndash; [[Simon Marius]] becomes the first person on Earth to observe the [[Andromeda Galaxy]] through a telescope.
* [[December 28]] &ndash; [[Galileo Galilei]] becomes the first astronomer to observe the planet [[Neptune]] when in [[conjunction (astronomy)|conjunction]] with [[Jupiter]]. He mistakenly catalogues it as a [[fixed star]], because of its extremely slow motion along the [[ecliptic]]. Neptune will not be truly recognized as a planet until [[1846]], about 234 years later, when [[Johann Gottfried Galle]] first sights it in the [[Berlin Observatory]].