Editing 1591 (section)

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 8]] &ndash; The [[Separation Edict]], a law imposing an immobile social class structure in Japan, is promulgated by [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]].
* [[October 16]] &ndash; [[Pope Gregory XIV]] dies from an attack of gallstones and leaves the Papacy of the Roman Catholic Church vacant for the third time in 14 months. The Pope, formerly Cardinal Niccolò Sfondrati, had served for only 10 months after being elected on December 5, 1590.
* [[October 19]] &ndash; The Islamic calendar year 1000 A.H. begins with the first day of the month of [[Muharram]], with concerns that the new year will herald the end of the world. When the year ends on October 7, 1592, without an apocalypse, the official interpretation among Ottoman Muslims is that the Ottoman Empire "had come closer to perfection than any other Muslim state.<ref>"Gareth Jenkins, ''Political Islam in Turkey: Running West, Heading East?'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008) p.44</ref> 
* [[October 21]] &ndash; [[Siege of Nijmegen (1591)|The city of Nijmegen is captured]] from Spanish occupiers by [[Maurice of Orange]], the staatholder of the Dutch Republic.
* [[October 26]] &ndash; The [[Portuguese invasion of Jaffna kingdom (1591)|Portuguese invasion of the Jaffna Kingdom]] begins on the north side of the island of [[Sri Lanka]].
* [[October 29]] &ndash; [[1591 papal conclave|Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti is elected]] on the third ballot to succeed the late [[Pope Gregory XIV]], after Cardinal Ludovico Madruzzo withdraws his candidacy.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110927171014/http://www.vaticanhistory.de/vh/html/innozenz_ix_.html "Konklave vom 27.-29.10.1591 zur Wahl von Papst Innozenz IX"], VaticanHistory.de, or Archive.org</ref> and takes the name [[Pope Innocent IX]].<ref name="Grove1997">{{cite book|author=Noel Grove|title=National Geographic Atlas of World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OoZAQAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=National Geographic Society|isbn=978-0-7922-7023-2|page=385|language=en}}</ref>
* [[November 3]] &ndash; The coronation of [[Pope Innocent IX]] takes place in [[Rome]] as Cardinal [[Margrave Andrew of Burgau|Andreas von Österreich]] places the crown on the head of Giovanni Facchinetti. 
* [[November 6]] &ndash; [[Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War]]: The Ottoman Empire successfully captures the Croatian rebel fort of Ripač.
* [[November 11]] &ndash; King [[Henry IV of France]] begins the [[Siege of Rouen (1591–1592)|siege of Rouen]], the Spanish-held capital of [[Normandy]].<ref>Philip Benedict, ''Rouen During the Wars of Religion'' (Cambridge University Press, 2004) p.218</ref> The Spanish Navy arrives after five months and King Henry abandons the siege on April 20. 
* [[November 27]] &ndash; In [[Italy]], [[Giovanni Agostino Giustiniani Campi|Giovanni Giustiniani Campi]] is elected as the new [[Doge of Genoa|Doge]] of the [[Republic of Genoa]] after a 12-day search for a successor to [[Battista Negrone]].<ref>Sergio Buonadonna and Mario Marcenaro, ''Rosso doge: I dogi della Repubblica di Genova dal 1339 al 1797'' (De Ferrari Editore, 2000)</ref>
* [[December 10]] &ndash; Four Roman Catholic priests and three laymen are [[List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation|executed in England in a campaign against the Roman Catholic Church]].
* [[December 18]] &ndash; Pope Innocent IX begins a tour of the seven pilgrimage churches around Rome, despite being unwell, and his illness worsens. He dies 12 days later. 
* [[December 27]] &ndash; [[Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell|Francis Stewart, Earl of Bothwell]] leads the [[Raid of Holyrood|attack on the Holyrood Palace]] in [[Edinburgh]]. Having been alerted by a premature attack on the palace's prison, [[James VI and I|King James VI of Scotland]] and [[Anne of Denmark|Queen Anne]] are able to take refuge within the castle, and the raid fails. Seven of Bothwell's men are subsequently captured and hanged.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/blackwoodsmagazi02edinuoft/page/30/mode/2up "Account of the attempt upon Holyroodhouse, 1591"], by J. R., in ''Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine'' (October 1817), p.31</ref>
* [[December 30]] &ndash; [[Pope Innocent IX]] dies only two months after having been elected as the Pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church, leaving the Papacy vacant for the 4th time in 16 months.