Editing 1583 (section)

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 14]] &ndash; In [[Scotland]], the [[University of Edinburgh]] holds its first classes, accepting more than 80 students as "Tounis College".<ref>"The Foundation of the College of Edinburgh", by Robert Kerr Hannay, in ''The History of the University of Edinburgh 1883-1933'', ed. by A. Logan Turner (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1933), pp. 1-16.</ref> In continuous operation for more than 440 years, the University will have more than 41,000 students.<ref>[http://www.ed.ac.uk University of Edinburgh website]</ref>
* [[October 16]] &ndash; King [[Philip II of Spain]] orders the transfer of [[Abada (rhinoceros)|Abada]] the [[rhinoceros]] from the [[Casa de Campo]] public park of Madrid, to the [[menagerie]] at his residence at [[El Escorial]].<ref>Henry Kamen, ''Philip of Spain'' (Yale University Press, 1999) p.400</ref> 
* [[October 17]] &ndash; [[Peter the Lame]] becomes Prince of Moldavia (in modern-day Romania) for the third and last time, reigning until 1591.<ref>Constantin Rezachevici, ''Cronologia critică a domnilor din Țara Românească și Moldova, a. 1324–1881'' ("Critical timeline of the gentlemen of Wallachia and Moldavia, 1324-1881"), Volume 1 (Editura Enciclopedică, 2001) p.432</ref> 
* [[October 18]] &ndash; In South America, the [[Third Council of Lima]] comes to an end after two months after being convened to provide a consistent doctrine for the Roman Catholic Church in the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]]. Among other things, the Council approves the treatment of the native population "not like slaves but as free men" as part of evangelism and conversion to Christianity, as well as the use of the [[Quechua language]] and the [[Aymara language]] to spread the gospel. The use of [[Spanish language|Spanish]] is ordered for church services, and [[Latin language|Latin]] is forbidden.
* [[October 24]] &ndash; [[Jan van Hembyze]] becomes the last leader of the [[Calvinist Republic of Ghent]] after a coup d'etat against the ruling Count of Flanders.<ref>Bart Vander Schelden, '' De Gentse stadsmagistraat tijdens de calvinistische Republiek (1577-1584)''("The Ghent city magistrate during the Calvinist Republic (1577-1584)"</ref> Hembyze's action leads days later to the [[Siege of Ghent (1583–1584)|siege of Ghent]] by Spanish General [[Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma|Alexander Farnese]].
* [[November 4]] 
**[[Francis Throckmorton]], instigator of the [[Throckmorton Plot]] to overthrow Queen [[Elizabeth I of England]], is arrested. Convicted of treason, he is executed on July 10, 1584.<ref>N. M. Sutherland, ''Henry IV of France and the Politics of Religion: 1572 - 1596'' (Elm Bank Publishing, 2002) p.54</ref>
**[[Gerolamo Chiavari]] is elected to a 2-year term as the new [[Doge of Genoa|Doge]] of the [[Republic of Genoa]] to succeed [[Gerolamo De Franchi Toso (1522–1586)|Gerolamo De Franchi Toso]].
* [[November 5]] &ndash; [[Willem IV van den Bergh]], the Stadtholder of Guelders for the [[Dutch Republic]] is arrested along with his family and charged with treason on suspicion of having allowed the Spanish Army to seize [[Zutphen]].<ref>Petrus Johannes Blok, ''History of the People of the Netherlands: The War with Spain'' (Putnam's Sons, 1900) p.170</ref> Imprisoned for five months, he is released in March after promising to retire from public service.<ref>Sergio Buonadonna, ''Rosso Doge: I dogi della Repubblica di Genova dal 1339 al 1797'' ("Red Doge: The Doges of the Republic of Genoa from 1339 to 1797) (De Ferrari, 2007)</ref>
* [[November 13]] &ndash; In [[India]], the city of [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] (modern-day Prayagraj in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]) is founded as a strategic fortress by [[Akbar]], Emperor of the [[Mughal Empire]].Surendra Nath Sinha (1974).<ref>Jamia Millia Islamia, ''Subah of Allahabad under the Great Mughals, 1580-1707'' (Jamia Millia Islamia, 1974) p.85</ref>
* [[November 24]] &ndash; [[Philippe Hurault de Cheverny]] is appointed as the new [[Chief Minister of France]] by [[Henry III of France|King Henri III]] upon the death of [[René de Birague]], who had governed for nine years. Hurault will serve until 1589.
* [[December 17]] &ndash; [[Cologne War]]: The [[Siege of Godesberg]] (begun on [[November 18]]) concludes when [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] forces under Prince-elector-archbishop [[Ernest of Bavaria]] capture the strategic position, from defenders of the [[Calvinist]] convert [[Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg]].