Editing 13th century (section)

===[[1230s]]===
[[Image:Chinesischer Maler von 1238 001.jpg|thumb|Portrait of the Chinese [[Zen]] Buddhist [[Wuzhun Shifan]], painted in 1238, [[Song dynasty]].]]
* [[1231]]: [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Frederick II]] promulgates the [[Constitutions of Melfi]], a far-reaching legal code influential in the development of continental European statehood.<ref>{{cite book|last= Van Cleve|first= T. C.|title=The Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen: Immuntator Mundi|publisher=Oxford|year=1972|isbn=0-198-22513-X|page=143}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kantorowicz|author-link=Ernst Kantorowicz|first=Ernst|title=Frederick the Second, 1194–1250|year=1937|publisher=Frederick Ungar|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/fredericktheseco000027mbp/page/n5|page=228}}</ref>
* [[1232]]: The [[Siege of Kaifeng (1232)|Mongols besiege Kaifeng]], the capital of the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]], capturing it in the following year.
* [[1233]]: [[Battle of Ganter]], [[Ken Arok]] defeated Kertajaya, the last king of [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kediri]], thus established [[Singhasari]] kingdom<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/314681/Ken-Angrok |title=Ken Angrok|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=25 July 2010}}</ref> Ken Arok ended the reign of [[Isyana Dynasty]] and started his own [[Rajasa dynasty]].
* [[1235]]: The [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]] kingdoms unite to form the [[Mali Empire]] which leads to the downfall of [[Sosso]] in the 1230s.
* [[1237]]: [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Frederick II]] virtually annihilates the forces of the second [[Lombard League]] at the [[Battle of Cortenuova]].
* [[1239]]–[[1250]]: Third conflict between the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[Papacy]].
* [[1237]]–[[1240]]: [[Mongol Empire]] conquers [[Kievan Rus]].
* [[1238]]: Sukhothai becomes the first capital of [[Sukhothai Kingdom]].