Editing 1264 (section)

==== British Isles ====
* [[January 23]] &ndash; King [[Louis IX of France]] ("the Saint") issues the [[Mise of Amiens]], a settlement between King [[Henry III of England]] and his rebellious barons under [[Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester|Simon de Montfort]], heavily favouring the former – which leads to the [[Second Barons' War]].<ref name="Cassell's Chronology 161">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will|url-access=registration|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/161 161]}}</ref> At [[Amiens]], Henry accuses the barons of destroying his castles and laying waste to royal lands. For this he demands a compensation of some £300,000 and 200,000 marks, which is defended by Louis.<ref>Treharne, R. F.; Sanders, I. J. (1973). ''Documents of the Baronial Movement of Reform and Rebellion, 1258–1267'', pp. 253–57. {{ISBN|0-19-822222-X}}.</ref>
* [[April 5]] &ndash; [[Battle of Northampton (1264)|Battle of Northampton]]: English forces under [[Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer of Wigmore|Roger Mortimer]], advance over the water meadows south of [[Northampton Castle|Northampton]] to attack its main gate with engines. Meanwhile, another party rides clockwise along the built-up area's western perimeter, looking for an easier entrance. While the townsmen entrust to hold up the initial attack, the outflanking detachment founds a breach in the garden wall of [[St Andrew's Priory, Northampton|St. Andrew's Priory]], at the north of the town. [[Simon de Montfort the Younger]] (son of Simon de Montfort) reacts to the break-in – riding upon his horse with his squire, and some followers to contest the breach. But Simon is captured and throws the defenders into disarray. Simon de Montfort mounts a rearguard to relieve his son, but on [[April 6]] the castle falls.<ref>Richard Brooks (2015). Osprey: ''Lewes and Evesham 1264–65'', p. 26. {{ISBN|978-1-4728-1150-9}}.</ref>
* [[April 17]]–[[April 19|19]] &ndash; English rebels under Simon de Montfort beset [[Rochester Castle|Rochester]] from two directions in a pincer movement from north and south. The garrison sortie burns the suburbs to deprive the rebels of cover. Initial assaults on the bridge the next morning are repulsed by [[Roger de Leybourne]]. In the evening, however, supported by archers shooting across the river, Simon launches an amphibious assault, wind and current carrying his [[fire ship|fireship]] across to set fire to the bridge defenses. The rebels capture the castle's outer bailey and the garrison retires inside the keep on [[April 19]]. Meanwhile, rebels under [[Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester|Gilbert de Clare]] ("the Red Earl") occupy the cathedral. The siege then boggs down, Simon receives reports of a relief force and orders to withdraw on [[April 26]].<ref>Richard Brooks (2015). Osprey: ''Lewes and Evesham 1264–65'', pp. 32–33. {{ISBN|978-1-4728-1150-9}}.</ref>
* April &ndash; Gilbert de Clare leads a massacre of the Jews at [[Canterbury]], during the outbreak of the [[Second Barons' War]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Huscroft|title=Expulsion: England's Jewish Solution|location=Stroud|publisher=Tempus|year=2006|isbn=9780752437293|page=105}}</ref> In the meantime, another of de Montfort's followers, [[John FitzJohn]], leads a massacre against the Jews in [[London]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The King's Converts|first=Lauren|last=Fogle|location=Lanham, MD|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2019|isbn=9781498589215|page=40}}</ref> The Jewish communities of Northampton, [[Winchester]], [[Cambridge]], and [[Lincoln, England|Lincoln]] are looted. The ''archæ'' (official chest of records) is destroyed or deposited at the headquarters of de Montfort's supporters at [[Ely, Cambridgeshire|Ely]].<ref>Jacobs, Joseph (1903). "England". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). ''The Jewish Encyclopedia''. Vol. 5. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 161–174.</ref>
* [[May 14]] &ndash; [[Battle of Lewes]]: English rebels led by Simon de Montfort defeat Henry III and Prince [[Edward I of England|Edward]] ("the Lord Edward"), at [[Lewes]]. Henry leaves the safety of [[Lewes Castle]] and [[Lewes Priory|St. Pancras Priory]], to engage the rebels. Edward routes part of the rebel army (some 5,000 men) with a cavalry charge, but during the battle de Montfort's forces capture both Henry and Edward, making Simon the "uncrowned king of [[Kingdom of England|England]]" for 15 months.<ref>Maurice Keen (1999). ''Medieval Warfare: A History'', p. 309. OUP Oxford. {{ISBN|978-0-19-164738-3}}.</ref> 
* May &ndash; Simon de Montfort marches on London but the drawbridge on [[London Bridge]] has been raised by the [[Lord Mayor of London|Lord Mayor]]. Simon has the support of the Londoners, who manage to lower the bridge allowing him into the city. Henry III is forced to pardon the rebel nobles and reinstates the [[Provisions of Oxford]]. With Henry's power diminished, Simon announces that all debts owed to the Jews would be canceled.<ref>Jobson, Adrian (2012). ''The First English Revolution: Simon de Montfort, Henry III and the Barons' War'', p. 132. London, UK: Bloomsbury. {{ISBN|978-1-84725-226-5}}.</ref>
* June &ndash; Simon de Montfort summons [[Parliament of England|Parliament]] in London to confirm new constitutional arrangements. Two knights are summoned for each county, and are allowed to comment on general matters of state – the first time this has occurred. In [[France during the Middle Ages|France]], Queen [[Eleanor of Provence]], wife of Henry III, makes plans for an invasion of England with the support of Louis IX OF France.<ref>Jobson, Adrian (2012). ''The First English Revolution: Simon de Montfort, Henry III and the Barons' War'', pp. 136–137. London, UK: Bloomsbury. {{ISBN|978-1-84725-226-5}}.</ref>
* June &ndash; The Lord Edward is held captive at [[Wallingford Castle]], but after an escape attempt he is moved to [[Kenilworth Castle]].
* [[June 18]] &ndash; The [[Parliament of Ireland]] meets at [[Castledermot]] in [[County Kildare]], the first definitely known meeting of this [[Ireland|Irish]] [[legislature]].
* [[December 24]] &ndash; The title [[Baron de Ros]], the oldest held peerage title, is created by [[Hereditary peer#Writs of Summons|writ of summons]] during the reign of Henry III.