Editing 1232 (section)

==== Africa ====
* The [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad]] army besieges the city of [[Ceuta]], where Abu Musa, rebellious brother of Caliph [[Idris al-Ma'mun]], has received shelter and the support of the population. The Genoese rent a part of their fleet to the rebels, who successfully resist the forces of the caliph. The consequences of this revolt are threefold: the city becomes ''[[de facto]]'' independent from the Almohads, but its reliance on the Italian maritime powers increases, and the [[Trans-Saharan trade]] routes begin to shift eastward, due to the local turmoil.<ref>Picard, Christophe (1997). ''La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe–XIIIe siècle''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.</ref>