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České Budějovice
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==History== ===13th–18th centuries=== [[File:České Budějovice - centrum letecky.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of the historic centre]] The first written mention of Budějovice is from 1251, when it was only a village.<ref name=etymology/> The royal city was founded on its site by King [[Ottokar II of Bohemia|Ottokar II]] in 1265. The siting and planning of the city was carried out by the king's [[knight]] Hirzo. The city was fortified and had three gates. It immediately became the political and economic capital of south Bohemia. The city quickly became rich thanks to the development of trade and crafts and thanks to silver mining in the nearby area.<ref name=history>{{cite web |title=About the city|url=https://www.budejce.cz/en/about-the-city|publisher=City of České Budějovice|access-date=2024-06-07}}</ref> The German-speaking settlers were coming from the [[Bohemian Forest]] and [[Upper Austria]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Schreiber|first=Rene|title=Budweis / Ceske Budejovice: Eine südböhmische Stadt|language=de|page=1}}</ref> In 1341, King [[John of Bohemia]] allowed [[History of the Jews in the Czech Republic|Jewish]] families to reside within the city walls. The first [[synagogue]] was built in 1380. At the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries, the Jewish community had about 100 inhabitants. In 1505–1506, a [[pogrom]] occurred and the Jews were expelled from the city.<ref name=jews>{{cite web |title=Židé|url=http://www.encyklopedie.c-budejovice.cz/clanek/zide|work=Encyklopedie Českých Budějovic|publisher=NEBE|language=cs|access-date=2024-06-07}}</ref> During the 16th century, the number of German craftsmen in the city increased. In the 18th century, Germans became the majority.<ref name=cesianemci>{{cite web |title=Češi a Němci|url=http://www.encyklopedie.c-budejovice.cz/clanek/cesi-a-nemci|work=Encyklopedie Českých Budějovic|publisher=NEBE|language=cs|access-date=2024-06-07}}</ref> The city's fortifications were able to resist the [[Hussites]] during the [[Hussite Wars]], but the city's development was disrupted by the [[Thirty Years' War]] and an extensive fire in 1641, during which two-thirds of the city was destroyed. Reconstructions in the Baroque style, which took place in the following decades, changed the architectural character of the city. In 1785, [[Pope Pius VI]] founded the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of České Budějovice]] and the Church of Saint Nicholas was promoted to a [[cathedral]].<ref name=history/><ref>{{cite web |title=Stručná historie města České Budějovice|url=https://www.c-budejovice.cz/strucna-historie-mesta-ceske-budejovice|publisher=City of České Budějovice|language=cs|access-date=2024-06-07}}</ref> ===19th–20th centuries=== [[File:Budweis KFJ + Lw Kaserne.jpg|thumb|Trams on Radecký Street (now Žižkova Street), {{circa|1909}}]] [[File:Sprachenkarte Boehem Heinrich Rauchberg 1904 Bohemia.jpg|thumb|Language map of Bohemia based on 1900 census, showing that the city was a [[Czech Germans|German-speaking island]]]] In the 19th century, the city was industrialized. During his time, České Budějovice became a major trade hub. The [[Budweis–Linz–Gmunden Horse-Drawn Railway|Budweis–Linz Horse-Drawn Railway]] was built in 1825–1832 and became the second oldest public line in [[continental Europe]] (after the [[Saint-Étienne–Andrézieux railway|Saint-Étienne-Andrézieux line]] in France).<ref name=mcb>{{cite web |title=Muzeum koněspřežky|url=https://www.muzeumcb.cz/navstivte-nas/pobocky/muzeum-konesprezky/|publisher=Museum of South Bohemia in České Budějovice|language=cs|access-date=2023-06-28}}</ref> The production of [[Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth]] pencils was relocated from [[Vienna]] to České Budějovice in 1847. Aside from Hardtmuth brothers, [[Adalbert Lanna the Elder]] belonged among the city's most prominent industrialists of the 19th century. In 1895, ''Český akciový pivovar'' (later known as [[Budweiser Budvar Brewery]]) was founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Průmysl|url=http://www.encyklopedie.c-budejovice.cz/clanek/prumysl|work=Encyklopedie Českých Budějovic|publisher=NEBE|language=cs|access-date=2024-06-07}}</ref> From 1848 until [[World War II]], there was again a Jewish community here, which in 1925 numbered over 1,400 people.<ref name=jews/> The city remained a German-speaking [[Enclave and exclave|enclave]] until 1880, after which [[Czechs]] became the majority. Until the end of World War II, the city contained a significant German minority (about 15.5% in 1930). The ratios between the Germans and the Czechs were in 1880: 11,829 Germans to 11,812 Czechs, in 1890: 11,642 to 16,585, in 1900: 15,436 to 23,427, in 1910: 16,903 to 27,309 and in 1921: 7,415 to 35,800.<ref>{{cite book |last=King|first=Jeremy|title=Budweisers into Czechs and Germans: A Local History of Bohemian Politics, 1848–1948|date=2018|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-18638-2}}</ref> The reason for the change in the ratio was the high increase in the city's population, mainly caused by newly immigrated Czechs. The share of Germans fell below the legal limit of 20% and thus the Czech language became the only official language.<ref name=cesianemci/> The coexistence of Czechs and Germans was mostly peaceful, which changed only in the 1930s, when most of Germans tended to Nazism.<ref name=cesianemci/> During the [[Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)|Occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1939–1945]], the city was part of the [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]]. There was said to be established then a [[Gestapo]] prison<ref>{{cite web |title=Gestapogefängnis Budweis|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=955|website=bundesarchiv.de|language=de|access-date=2021-11-07}}</ref> and a [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] camp in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Arbeitserziehungslager Budweis|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=579|website=bundesarchiv.de|language=de|access-date=2021-11-07}}</ref> During the final stages of World War II, in March 1945, České Budějovice was significantly damaged by [[United States Army Air Forces]] raids on strategic locations. At the end of the war, on 9 or 10 May 1945, [[Red Army|Soviet troops]] occupied the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Květen 1945 na jihu Čech se nesl ve znamení nadšení, přípitků i poprav|url=https://www.idnes.cz/ceske-budejovice/zpravy/druha-svetova-valka-us-army-ruda-armada-osvobozeni-nalety-demarkacni-linie.A200502_545725_budejovice-zpravy_mcb|publisher=iDNES.cz|language=cs|date=2020-05-08|access-date=2024-06-07}}</ref> The almost entire German population, which numbered 6,000 people, was then [[Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia|expelled]] under the [[Beneš decrees]].<ref name=cesianemci/>
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