Editing University of Michigan (section)

====Mathematics and sciences====

[[File:Jerome Karle Portrait.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Jerome Karle]]]]

[[Claude Shannon]],<ref>{{Cite web |date = November 9, 2001 |title = Shannon Statue Dedicated at the University of Michigan |url = http://www.eecs.umich.edu/shannonstatue/ |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100731230211/http://www.eecs.umich.edu/shannonstatue/ |archive-date = July 31, 2010 |access-date = August 29, 2010 |publisher = University of Michigan EECS }}</ref> who laid the foundations of the [[Information Age]], ranks among the most distinguished mathematicians from the university. Two [[Fields Medal|Fields medalists]] [[Stephen Smale]] and [[June Huh]], both completed their Ph.D.s in Mathematics at Michigan. [[Isadore Singer]], the [[Abel Prize]]-winning mathematician who helped prove the [[Atiyah–Singer index theorem]], studied physics at the university during World War II. [[Karen Uhlenbeck]], the first woman to win the Abel Prize, received her bachelor's degree from the university in 1964. [[George Dantzig]], who developed [[linear programming]], studied at Michigan under [[George Yuri Rainich|G.Y. Rainich]], [[R.L. Wilder]], and [[Theophil Henry Hildebrandt|T.H. Hildebrandt]]. Other mathematicians from the university include [[Kenneth Ira Appel]], who, along with [[Wolfgang Haken]], solved the famous [[Four Color Theorem]]; [[Leonard Jimmie Savage]], who was known for his contributions to [[Bayesian statistics]] and [[decision theory]]; and [[Carl R. de Boor]], a renowned mathematician in [[numerical analysis]].

In physics, Nobel laureate [[Samuel C. C. Ting]], who discovered the [[J/ψ particle]], studied under [[Martin Lewis Perl]], another Nobel-winning physicist who discovered the [[tau lepton]], at the university. Chemist [[Jerome Karle]], who revealed molecular structures, completed his Ph.D. in Physics at Michigan in 1943. His wife, [[Isabella Karle]], an alumna, developed techniques to extract [[plutonium chloride]] from [[plutonium oxide]] mixtures. Other alumni include nuclear physicist [[Robert Bacher]], a leader of the [[Manhattan Project]]; [[Richard Smalley]], who discovered [[fullerenes]]; [[Moses Gomberg]], a pioneer in [[radical chemistry]], who later became a professor at the university and taught [[Frank Spedding]], who led the development of the [[Ames process]] in the Manhattan Project.

Alumni in biology and medicine include [[Marshall Warren Nirenberg]], famous for breaking the [[genetic code]], who received his Ph.D. in biochemistry from the university in 1957; [[Stanley Cohen (biochemist)|Stanley Cohen]], who discovered [[growth factors]]; and [[John Jacob Abel]], regarded as the father of [[pharmacology]], who studied under the university's physiologist Henry Sewall in 1883. Other alumni include [[Raymond Pearl]], a founder of [[biogerontology]], and [[David Botstein]], a leader of the [[Human Genome Project]].

Other notable alumni in science include [[Edgar F. Codd]], who developed the [[relational model|relational model of data]] and completed his Ph.D. at Michigan, and computer scientist [[Michael Stonebraker]], who also made contributions to [[database systems|database]] research. Both Codd and Stonebraker are [[Turing Award]] winners.