Editing Psychology (section)

=== {{anchor|WEIRD}}WEIRD bias ===
{{Redirect|WEIRD||Weird (disambiguation)}}
{{see also|Cultural psychology |Indigenous psychology |Transnational psychology |Cross-cultural psychology}}
In 2008, Arnett pointed out that most articles in American Psychological Association journals were about U.S. populations when U.S. citizens are only 5% of the world's population. He complained that psychologists had no basis for assuming psychological processes to be universal and generalizing research findings to the rest of the global population.<ref name="Arnett2008">{{cite journal |last=Arnett |first=J. J. |title = The neglected 95%: Why American psychology needs to become less American |journal = American Psychologist |volume= 63 |issue= 7|pages= 602–614 |year=2008 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.63.7.602 |pmid=18855491 |s2cid=21072349 }}</ref> In 2010, Henrich, Heine, and Norenzayan reported a bias in conducting psychology studies with participants from "''WEIRD''" ("Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic") societies.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0140525X0999152X |pmid=20550733 |title=The weirdest people in the world? |journal=Behavioral and Brain Sciences |volume=33 |issue=2–3 |pages=61–83 |year=2010 |last1=Henrich |first1=Joseph |last2=Heine |first2=Steven J. |last3=Norenzayan |first3=Ara |s2cid=220918842 |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0013-26A1-6 |url=https://www2.psych.ubc.ca/~henrich/pdfs/WeirdPeople.pdf |hdl-access=free |access-date=6 January 2022 |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404201308/https://www2.psych.ubc.ca/~henrich/pdfs/WeirdPeople.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Transnational Psychology">{{cite book | last1 = Collins | first1 = L. H. | last2 = Machizawa | first2 = S. | last3 = Rice | first3 = J. K. | title = Transnational Psychology of Women: Expanding International and Intersectional Approaches | publisher = American Psychological Association | location = Washington, D. C. | year = 2019 | isbn = 978-1-4338-3069-3 }}</ref> Henrich et al. found that "96% of psychological samples come from countries with only 12% of the world's population" (p.&nbsp;63). The article gave examples of results that differ significantly between people from WEIRD and tribal cultures, including the [[Müller-Lyer illusion]]. Arnett (2008), [[Elizabeth Altmaier|Altmaier]] and Hall (2008) and Morgan-Consoli et al. (2018) view the Western bias in research and theory as a serious problem considering psychologists are increasingly applying psychological principles developed in WEIRD regions in their research, clinical work, and consultation with populations around the world.<ref name="Arnett2008" /><ref name="AltmaierHall2008">{{cite book | last1 = Altmaier | first1 = E. M. | author-link1 = Elizabeth Altmaier | last2= Hall |first2 = J. E. |title = Global promise: Quality assurance and accountability in professional psychology | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New York | year = 2008| isbn = 978-0-19-530608-8 }}</ref><ref name="MorganC2018">{{cite journal |last1=Morgan-Consoli |first1=M. L. |last2= Inman |first2= A. G. |last3=Bullock |first3= M. |last4= Nolan |first4= S. A. |title = Framework for competencies for U.S. psychologists engaging internationally |journal = International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation |volume= 7 |issue= 3|pages= 174–188 |year=2018 |doi=10.1037/ipp0000090|s2cid=159028411 }}</ref> In 2018, Rad, Martingano, and Ginges showed that nearly a decade after Henrich et al.'s paper, over 80% of the samples used in studies published in the journal ''[[Psychological Science]]'' employed WEIRD samples. Moreover, their analysis showed that several studies did not fully disclose the origin of their samples; the authors offered a set of recommendations to editors and reviewers to reduce WEIRD bias.<ref name="RadMartingano2018">{{cite journal|last1=Rad|first1=Mostafa Salari|last2=Martingano|first2=Alison Jane|last3=Ginges|first3=Jeremy|year=2018|title=Toward a psychology of Homo sapiens: Making psychological science more representative of the human population|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=115|issue=45|pages=11401–11405|doi=10.1073/pnas.1721165115|pmid=30397114|pmc=6233089|bibcode=2018PNAS..11511401R |issn=0027-8424|doi-access=free}}</ref>