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== References == {{Reflist}} === Sources === {{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{Cite book |last=Baycroft |first=Timothy |title=What is a nation? Europe 1789–1914 |last2=Hewitson |first2=Mark |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0199295751 |location=Oxford}} * {{Cite book |last=Beck |first=Hermann |title=Origins of the Authoritarian Welfare State in Prussia, 1815–1870 |date=1997 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=9780472084289 |edition=1st paperback |location=Ann Arbor |orig-date=1995}} * {{Cite book |last=Beer |first=John J. |title=The Emergence of the German Dye Industry |date=1981 |publisher=Arno Press |location=New York |oclc=719115508 |orig-date=1959}} * {{Cite book |last=Berend |first=Iván T. |author-link=Iván T. 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Merck |journal=Business History Review |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=475–503 |doi=10.1017/S000768050000297X |jstor=40538641 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0028-6CF5-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Case |first=Nelson |author-link=Nelson Case |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_G2t9AAAAMAAJ |title=European Constitutional History |date=1902 |publisher=Jennings & Pye |location=Cincinnati |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_G2t9AAAAMAAJ/page/n151 139] |oclc=608806061}} * {{Cite book |last=Cecil |first=Lamar |author-link=Lamar John Ryan Cecil |title=Wilhelm II: Emperor and Exile, 1900–1941 |date=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-8078-2283-8 |volume=2: Emperor and Exile, 1900–1941 |location=Cambridge |ol=4639434W}} * {{Cite book |last=Chandler |first=Alfred DuPont |author-link=Alfred DuPont Chandler |title=Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism |date=2004 |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-6747-8995-1 |location=Cambridge, MA.}} * {{Cite book |last=Chickering |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Chickering |title=Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918 |date=2004 |edition=2nd}} * {{Cite journal |last=Ciarlo |first=David |date=2008 |title=Globalizing German Colonialism |journal=German History |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=285–298 |doi=10.1093/gerhis/ghn007 |jstor=672564}} * {{Cite book |last=Clapham |first=J. 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Craig |title=Germany 1866–1945 |date=1978 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-1928-5101-2 |location=Oxford}} * {{Cite journal |last=Dedering |first=Tilman |date=1993 |title=The German-Herero war of 1904: Revisionism of Genocide or Imaginary Historiography? |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=80–88 |doi=10.1080/03057079308708348}} * {{Cite book |last=Feuchtwanger |first=Ed |author-link=Edgar Feuchtwanger |title=Imperial Germany 1850–1918 |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-1346-2072-2 |location=New York}} * {{Cite book |last=Fischer |first=Michael |title=Reichsgründung 1871: Ereignis, Beschreibung, Inszenierung |last2=Senkel |first2=Christian |last3=Tanner |first3=Klaus |date=2010 |publisher=Bachmann Verlag |isbn=978-3830971030 |location=Münster}} * {{Cite journal |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Matthew |date=2007 |title=A Fall from Grace? National Unity and the Search for Naval Power and Colonial Possessions 1848–1884" |journal=German History |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=135–161 |doi=10.1177/0266355406075719}} * {{Cite journal |last=Frankel |first=Richard |date=2003 |title=From the Beer Halls to the Halls of Power: The Cult of Bismarck and the Legitimization of a New German Right, 1898–1945" |journal=German Studies Review |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=543–560 |doi=10.2307/1432746 |jstor=1432746}} * {{Cite book |last=Gann |first=Lewis H. |author-link=Lewis H. Gann |title=The Rulers of German Africa, 1884–1914 |last2=Duignan |first2=Peter |date=1977 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-0938-5 |location=Stanford |ol=4906388M}} * {{Cite book |last=Gat |first=Azar |author-link=Azar Gat |title=War in Human Civilization |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1992-3663-3 |location=Oxford}} * {{Cite book |last=Geise |first=Imanuel |title=German foreign policy 1871–1914 |date=1976 |publisher=Routledge & Paul |isbn=0710083033 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Grenville |first=J. A. 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Bohn |editor-last=Talboys, David Alphonso |editor-link=David Alphonso Talboys |location=London |oclc=213828147}} * {{Cite book |last=Hennock |first=E. P. |title=The Origin of the Welfare State in England and Germany, 1850–1914: Social Policies Compared |date=2007 |publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-5215-9212-3 |location=Cambridge}} * {{Cite book |last=Herwig |first=Holger H. |author-link=Holger Herwig |title=The First World War: Germany and Austria–Hungary 1914–1918 |date=1996 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=147251081X |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Holborn |first=Hajo |author-link=Hajo Holborn |title=A History of Modern Germany: 1840–1945 |date=1969 |publisher=Knopf |ol=5903542W}} * {{Cite book |last=Hoyt |first=Edwin Palmer |author-link=Edwin Palmer Hoyt |title=Guerilla: Colonel von Lettow-Vorbeck and Germany's East African Empire |date=1981 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-0255-5210-4 |location=New York |ol=267850W}} * {{Cite book |last=Huber |first=Ernst Rudolf |author-link=Ernst Rudolf Huber |title=Bismarck und das Reich |date=1988 |publisher=W. Kohlhammer Verlag |isbn=3170100998 |series=Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789 |volume=III |location=Stuttgart}} * {{Cite book |last=Hull |first=Isabel V. |author-link=Isabel V. 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Allen & Unwin |location=London |oclc=1375239 |ol=6419538W}} * {{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Kennedy |title=[[The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000]] |date=1987 |publisher=Random House |isbn=0-394-54674-1 |location=New York}} * {{Cite book |last=Kersbergen |first=Kees van |title=Comparative Welfare State Politics: Development, Opportunities, and Reform |last2=Vis |first2=Barbara |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-1076-5247-7 |location=Cambridge}} * {{Cite book |last=Kitchen |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Kitchen |title=Cambridge Illustrated History of Germany |date=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-5217-9432-9 |location=Cambridge}} * {{Cite book |last=Kitchen |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Kitchen |title=A History of Modern Germany: 1800 to the Present |date=2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-9689-8 |author-mask=2}} * {{Cite journal |last=Kocka |first=Jürgen |author-link=Jürgen Kocka |date=1988 |title=German History before Hitler: The Debate about the German 'Sonderweg |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=3–16 |doi=10.1177/002200948802300101 |jstor=260865}} * {{Cite book |last=Kotulla |first=Michael |title=Gesamtdeutschland, Anhaltische Staaten und Baden |date=2006 |publisher=Springer |isbn=3540260137 |series=Deutsches Verfassungsrecht 1806–1918. Eine Dokumentensammlung nebst Einführungen |volume=1 |location=Berlin}} * {{Cite book |last=Kulczycki |first=John J. |title=School Strikes in Prussian Poland, 1901–1907: The Struggle over Bilingual Education |date=1981 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=0914710761 |location=New York}} * {{Cite book |last=Kurtz |first=Harold |title=The Second Reich: Kaiser Wilhelm II and his Germany |date=1970 |publisher=Macdonald American Heritage Press |location=New York |oclc=721484905}} * {{Cite book |last=Lamberti |first=Marjorie |title=Religious conflicts and German national identity in Prussia, 1866–1914 |collaboration=Modern Prussian History: 1830–1947 |date=2001 |publisher=Longman |isbn=0582292719 |editor-last=Dwyer, Philip G. |location=Harlow}} * {{Cite journal |last=Lambi |first=Ivo N. |date=1962 |title=The Protectionist Interests of the German Iron and Steel Industry, 1873–1879 |journal=Journal of Economic History |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=59–70 |doi=10.1017/S0022050700102347 |jstor=2114256}} * {{Cite book |last=Levenda |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Levenda |title=The Hitler Legacy: The Nazi Cult in Diaspora |date=2014 |publisher=Ibis Press |isbn=978-0-8925-4210-9 |location=Lake Worth}} * {{Cite book |last=Levy |first=Richard S. |author-link=Richard S. Levy |title=The Downfall of the Anti-Semitic Political Parties in Imperial Germany |date=1975 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=0-3000-1803-7 |location=New Haven |oclc=252479262 |ol=7010783W}} * {{Cite book |last=Louis |first=Wm. Roger |author-link=Wm. Roger Louis |title=Ruanda-Urundi 1884–1919 |date=1963 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |oclc=902271369}} * {{Cite book |last=Milward |first=Alan S. |author-link=Alan S. Milward |title=The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe: 1850–1914 |last2=Saul |first2=S. B. |date=1977 |isbn=978-0-6742-0023-4 |ol=10483056W}} * {{Cite book |last=Mitchell |first=Allan |author-link=Alan S. Milward |title=Great Train Race: Railways and the Franco-German Rivalry, 1815–1914 |date=2000 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-8454-5136-3 |location=New York}} * {{Cite book |last=Mitchell |first=Nancy |title=The danger of dreams: German and American imperialism in Latin America |date=1999 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=0807847755 |location=Chapel Hill}} * {{Cite book |last=Moore |first=Robert Laurence |title=The American Century in Europe |last2=Vaudagna |first2=Maurizio |date=2003 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-4075-5 |location=Ithaca}} * {{Cite book |title=Imperial Germany revisited: continuing debates and new perspectives |date=2011 |publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] |isbn=978-0-8574-5900-8 |editor-last=Müller |editor-first=Sven Oliver |location=New York, NY |editor-last2=Torp |editor-first2=Cornelius}} * {{Cite journal |last=Ochsmann |first=Almut |date=2022 |title=100 Jahre deutsche Nationalhymne: Überlegungen zu Eine vaterländische Ouvertüre op. 140 |journal=Mitteilungen der Internationalen Max-Reger-Gesellschaft |volume=3 |issue=42 |doi=10.25372/mimrg.v20223412}} * {{Cite journal |last=Oltmer |first=Jochen |date=2006 |title=The Unspoilt Nature of German Ethnicity": Immigration and Integration of "Ethnic Germans" in the German Empire and the Weimar Republic". |journal=Nationalities Papers |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1080/00905990600841959}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Osu – Por |encyclopedia=Der Große Brockhaus |publisher=Brockhaus |location=Leipzig |date=1933 |volume=14 |language=de |oclc=310761745}} * {{Cite book |last=Paschall |first=Rod |title=The defeat of imperial Germany, 1917–1918 |date=1994 |publisher=Da Capo Press |location=New York |oclc=1022286680}} * {{Cite journal |last=Penny |first=H. Glenn |author-link=H. Glenn Penny |date=2017 |title=Material Connections: German Schools, Things, and Soft Power in Argentina and Chile from the 1880s through the Interwar Period". |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=519–549 |doi=10.1017/S0010417517000159}} * {{Cite book |title=German Colonialism and National Identity |date=2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-4159-6477-7 |editor-last=Perraudin |editor-first=Michael |series=Routledge studies in modern European history |volume=14 |location=New York |ol=24534890M |editor-last2=Zimmerer |editor-first2=Jürgen}} * {{Cite book |last=Preble |first=George Henry |author-link=George Henry Preble |title=History of the Flag of the United States of America: With a Chronicle of the Symbols, Standards, Banners, and Flags of Ancient and Modern Nations |date=1894 |publisher=Houghton, Mifflin and Co |location=Boston |oclc=681420896}} * {{Cite book |last=Röhl |first=John C. G. |author-link=John C. G. Röhl |title=Kaiser Wilhelm II: A Concise Life |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107072251 |location=Cambridge}} * {{Cite book |last=Ross |first=Ronald J. |author-link=Ronald J. Ross |title=The failure of Bismarck's Kulturkampf: Catholicism and state power in imperial Germany, 1871–1887 |date=1998 |publisher=Catholic Univ. of America Press |isbn=0813208947 |location=Washington, DC |oclc=36165040 |ol=991581M}} * {{Cite book |last=Ryder |first=A. J. |title=The German Revolution of 1918: A Study of German Socialism in War and Revolt |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-5210-8965-4 |location=Cambridge |ol=7134827W}} * {{Cite journal |last=Seligmann |first=Matthew S. |date=2002 |title=A Barometer of National Confidence': a British Assessment of the Role of Insecurity in the Formulation of German Military Policy before the First World War |journal=English Historical Review |volume=117 |issue=471 |pages=333–355 |doi=10.1093/ehr/117.471.333 |jstor=579563}} * {{Cite book |last=Seyler |first=Gustav |title=Die Wappen der deutschen Landesfürsten. 1. Bd., 1. Abt. 2. – 5. Teil |date=1981 |publisher=Bauer & Raspe |isbn=3879470022 |location=Neustadt an der Aisch |language=de}} * {{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Helmut Walser |author-link=Helmut Walser Smith |date=2008 |title=When the Sonderweg Debate Left Us |journal=German Studies Review |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=225–240 |jstor=27668514}} * {{Cite journal |last=Spencer |first=Elaine Glovka |date=1979 |title=Rules of the Ruhr: Leadership and Authority in German Big Business Before 1914 |journal=Business History Review |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=40–64 |doi=10.2307/3114686 |jstor=3114686}} * {{Cite book |last=Stibbe |first=Matthew |title=German Anglophobia and the Great War, 1914–1918 |date=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-5210-2728-1 |location=Cambridge}} * {{Cite journal |last=Streb |first=Jochen May |date=2006 |title=Technological and geographical knowledge spillover in the German empire 1877–1918 |journal=Economic History Review |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=347–373 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2006.00347.x |jstor=3805939}} * {{Cite book |last=Stürmer |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Stürmer |title=The German Empire: 1870–1918 |date=2000 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-6796-4090-5 |location=New York}} * {{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Edmond |title=The fossil monarchies: the collapse of the old order, 1905–1922 |date=1967 |publisher=Penguin |location=Harmondsworth |oclc=249852112 |ref={{SfnRef|Taylor, Edmund|1967}}}} * {{Cite book |last=Tilly |first=Richard H |title=From Old Regime to Industrial State: A History of German Industrialization from the Eighteenth Century to World War I |last2=Kopsidis |first2=Michael |date=2020 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-2267-2557-4 |location=Chicago |ol=21907223W}} * {{Cite book |last=Tipton |first=Frank |author-link=Frank Tipton |title=A History of Modern Germany Since 1815 |date=2003 |publisher=Continuum |isbn=978-0-8264-4909-2 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Torp |first=Cornelius |title=The Challenges of Globalization: Economy and Politics in Germany, 1860–1914 |date=2014 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-7823-8503-5 |location=New York}} * {{Cite journal |last=Vagts |first=Alfred |author-link=Alfred Vagts |date=1939 |title=Land and Sea Power in the Second German Reich |journal=The Journal of Military History |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=210–221 |doi=10.2307/3038611}} * {{Cite book |last=Wehler |first=Hans-Ulrich |author-link=Hans-Ulrich Wehler |title=The German Empire, 1871–1918 |date=1985 |publisher=Berg |isbn=978-0-9075-8232-8 |ol=8294504M}} * {{Cite book |last=Wehler |first=Hans-Ulrich |author-link=Hans-Ulrich Wehler |title=Vom Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges bis zur Gründung der Beiden Deutschen Staaten 1914–1949 |date=2003 |publisher=C. H. Beck |isbn=3-4063-2490-8 |series=Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte |volume=4 |location=Munich |language=de |ol=2471874M |author-mask=2}} * {{Cite book |last=Wheeler-Bennett |first=John |author-link=John Wheeler-Bennett |title=The Nemesis of Power The German Army in Politics 1918–1945 |date=1967 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-1-4039-1812-3 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Whitaker |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Whitaker (publisher) |title=Whitaker's almanack, 1991 |date=1990 |publisher=J Whitaker & Sons |isbn=0850212057 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Young |first=William |title=German Diplomatic Relations 1871–1945: The Wilhelmstrasse And the Formulation Of Foreign Policy |date=2006 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-0-5954-0706-4 |location=New York}} {{Refend}}
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