Editing Generation X (section)

====Hip hop====
{{Main|Golden age hip hop}}
[[File:Breakdance-oldschool.png|thumb|left|upright=0.9|This cartoon depicts a 1980s-era dancer doing [[breakdancing]], an African-American dance form that was a key part of [[hip hop culture]].]]

The golden age of hip hop refers to [[hip hop music]] made from the mid-1980s to mid-1990s,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Caramanica|first=Jon|date=26 June 2005|title=Hip-Hop's Raiders of the Lost Archives|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/26/arts/music/hiphops-raiders-of-the-lost-archives.html|access-date=10 January 2023|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=10 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110174930/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/26/arts/music/hiphops-raiders-of-the-lost-archives.html|url-status=live}}</ref> typically by artists originating from the [[New York metropolitan area]].<ref name="AllMusic.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/style/golden-age-ma0000012011|title=Golden Age|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=10 November 2016|archive-date=30 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030215702/http://www.allmusic.com/style/golden-age-ma0000012011|url-status=live}}</ref> The music is characterized by its diversity, quality,<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=https://www.today.com/popculture/remembering-golden-age-hip-hop-wbna5430999|title=The '80s were golden age of hip-hop|last=Green |first=Tony|work=[[Today (American TV program)|Today]]|date=13 July 2004|access-date=21 May 2023|archive-date=13 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213093831/https://www.today.com/popculture/remembering-golden-age-hip-hop-wbna5430999|url-status=live|quote=as hip-hop music moves into its 25th year, its 40-something followers are starting to wax nostalgic about what many feel was the "Golden Age" of hip-hop music: The ’80s.}}</ref> innovation,<ref name="rollingstone1995">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/slickrick/albums/album/103326/review/5945316/behind_bars|title=Slick Rick: Behind Bars|last1=Coker|first1=Cheo H.|date=9 March 1995|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202153447/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/slickrick/albums/album/103326/review/5945316/behind_bars|archive-date=2 February 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=16 September 2014|quote="Sittin' in My Car" is vintage Slick Rick; bolstered by an elegant piano loop, Doug E. Fresh's beat-box breathalistics and Slick's crooning of Billy Stewart's "Sitting in the Park," the song invokes memories of rap's '86-'89 golden age, when it seemed that every new single reinvented the genre.}}</ref> and influence after the genre's emergence and establishment in the previous decade.<ref name="autogenerated132">Green, Tony, in Wang, Oliver (ed.) ''Classic Material'', Toronto: ECW Press, 2003. p. 132</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Spin magazine picks Radiohead CD as best |url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2005-06-19-spin-top-cd_x.htm |access-date=21 May 2023 |work=[[USA Today]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=20 June 2005 |quote=[Spin editor-in-chief Sia] Michel [...] points out that Spin started several years before hip-hop mag Source was founded: "We put hip-hop on the cover before anyone else did."  "Because we started this list in 1985, we pretty much hit hip-hop in its golden age," she says. "There were so many important, groundbreaking albums coming out right about that time."}}</ref><ref name="The Age 2003">{{cite news |title=Jungle Brothers still untamed |url=https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/music/jungle-brothers-still-untamed-20031024-gdwlf3.html |access-date=21 May 2023 |work=[[The Age]] |date=24 October 2003 |quote=Emerging from the late-1980s New York City underground rap scene, the Jungle Brothers inadvertently found themselves part of hip-hop's golden age. Their early albums, 1988's Straight Out the Jungle and 1989's Done by the Forces of Nature, are considered, along with efforts such as the Beastie Boys' Paul's Boutique and De La Soul's Three Feet High and Rising, to be among the most influential hip-hop albums.}}</ref> It has various [[wikt:subject-matter|subject matter]], while the music is [[experimental hip hop|experimental]] and the [[Sampling (music)|sampling]] eclectic.<ref>Roni Sariq, [http://citypages.com/databank/18/854/article3420.asp "Crazy Wisdom Masters"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123092309/http://citypages.com/databank/18/854/article3420.asp |date=23 November 2008 }}, ''City Pages'', 16 April 1997.</ref><ref>Will Hodgkinson, [http://arts.guardian.co.uk/homeentertainment/story/0,12830,1044954,00.html "Adventures on the wheels of steel"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515044706/http://arts.guardian.co.uk/homeentertainment/story/0,12830,1044954,00.html |date=15 May 2008 }}, ''The Guardian'', 19 September 2003.</ref> 

Artists associated with the era include [[LL Cool J]], [[Run–D.M.C.]], [[Public Enemy (group)|Public Enemy]], the [[Beastie Boys]], [[KRS-One]],<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Coker |first1=Cheo H. |title=KRS-One: KRS-One |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/114772/review/5944793 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=16 November 1995 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114082045/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/114772/review/5944793 |archive-date=14 January 2009 |quote=In a genre that regularly denigrates its heroes, KRS-One has enough battle scars to be considered the Neil Young of hip-hop: a raggedy, highly opinionated figure from rap's golden age...}}</ref> [[Eric B. & Rakim]], [[De La Soul]], [[Big Daddy Kane]], [[EPMD]], [[A Tribe Called Quest]], [[Wu-Tang Clan]], [[Slick Rick]], [[Ultramagnetic MC's]], and the [[Jungle Brothers]].<ref name="Mervis 2004">{{cite news |last1=Mervis |first1=Scott |title=From Kool Herc to 50 Cent, the story of rap -- so far |url=https://old.post-gazette.com/ae/20040215rap0215aep1.asp |access-date=29 May 2023 |work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] |date=15 February 2004 |archive-date=14 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814095144/https://old.post-gazette.com/ae/20040215rap0215aep1.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kot |first1=Greg |title=Hip-Hop Below the Mainstream |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-sep-19-ca-47202-story.html |access-date=29 May 2023 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=19 September 2001 |quote=The golden age of hip-hop is at least a decade in the past, a time when the most artistically ambitious music--by performers such as Public Enemy, Eric B. and Rakim, De La Soul and A Tribe Called Quest--was also the most commercially successful.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Coker |first1=Cheo Hodari |title='It's a Beautiful Feeling' |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-08-11-ca-33169-story.html |access-date=29 May 2023 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=11 August 1996 |quote=Wearing a blue sweatsuit and a shining gold pendant, Nas reminded many in the crowd of the Golden Age of New York hip-hop, when rappers from Eric B. & Rakim to the Ultramagnetic MCs wore clothes tailored by the hip Harlem haberdashery Dapper Dan’s.}}</ref><ref name="Linhardt">{{cite news |title=Critical Beatdown: Ultramagnetic MCs |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/8383-critical-beatdown/ |access-date=29 May 2023 |date=10 June 2004 |work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] |quote=To claim that "Critical Beatdown" is the greatest hip-hop album of 1988 would take a lot of courage-- after all, it was the zenith of hip-hop's Golden Age, boasting classics from nearly every influential late-1980s rap group. And even if Ultramagnetic's Kool Keith and Ced Gee didn't possess the intricate rhythms of Rakim and Chuck D, or paint vivid ghettoscapes as well as KRS-One or Slick Rick, "Critical Beatdown" is still probably the hardest, fastest, craziest hip-hop album of that year.}}</ref><ref name="The Age 2003"/> Releases by these acts coexisted in this period with, and were as commercially viable as, those of early [[gangsta rap]] artists such as [[Ice-T]], [[Geto Boys]], and [[N.W.A]], the [[dirty rap|sex raps]] of [[2 Live Crew]] and [[Too Short]], and [[pop rap|party-oriented music]] by acts such as [[Kid 'n Play]], [[The Fat Boys]], [[DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince]], and [[MC Hammer]].<ref name="The Cotton Club">Bakari Kitwana,[http://www.villagevoice.com/music/0526,kitwana,65332,22.html/full "The Cotton Club"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609225217/http://www.villagevoice.com/music/0526,kitwana,65332,22.html/full |date=9 June 2008 }}, ''Village Voice'', 21 June 2005.</ref>

In addition to lyrical self-glorification, hip hop was also used as social protest.<ref name="Mervis 2004"/> Lyrics from the era often draw attention to social issues, including afrocentric living, drug use, crime and violence, religion, culture, the state of the U.S. economy, and the modern man's struggle. [[Conscious hip hop|Conscious]] and [[political hip hop]] tracks of the time were a response to the effects of American capitalism and President Reagan's conservative political economy. According to Rose Tricia, "In rap, relationships between black cultural practice, social and economic conditions, technology, sexual and racial politics, and the institution policing of the popular terrain are complex and in constant motion".<ref>Rose, Tricia. ''Black Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary American''. Hanover: Wesleyan U, 1994. Print.</ref> 

There was also often an emphasis on [[black nationalism]]. Hip hop artists often talked about urban poverty and the problems of alcohol, drugs, and gangs in their communities.<ref>{{cite web |title=The social significance of rap & hip-hop culture |url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/poverty_prejudice/mediarace/socialsignificance.htm |access-date=12 September 2019 |archive-date=21 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321161217/http://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/poverty_prejudice/mediarace/socialsignificance.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Public Enemy (group)|Public Enemy]]'s most influential song, "[[Fight the Power (Public Enemy song)|Fight the Power]]", came out at this time; the song speaks up to the government, proclaiming that people in the [[ghetto]] have [[freedom of speech]] and rights like every other American.<ref>{{cite web |title=Public Enemy – Fight the Power Lyrics |publisher=Genius Lyrics |url=https://genius.com/Public-enemy-fight-the-power-lyrics |access-date=12 September 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710021100/https://genius.com/Public-enemy-fight-the-power-lyrics |url-status=live }}</ref>