Editing Developmental psychology (section)

===Parenting styles===
The following [[parenting styles]] have been described in the child development literature:

* Authoritative parenting is characterized as parents who have high parental warmth, responsiveness, and demandingness, but rate low in negativity and conflict.<ref name=Taylor>{{cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=Lorraine C. |last2=Clayton |first2=Jennifer D. |last3=Rowley |first3=Stephanie J. |title=Academic Socialization: Understanding Parental Influences on Children's School-Related Development in the Early Years |journal=Review of General Psychology |date=September 2004 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=163–178 |doi=10.1037/1089-2680.8.3.163 }}</ref> These parents are assertive but not intrusive or overly restrictive.<ref name=Baumrind>{{cite journal| vauthors = Baumrind D |title=The Influence of Parenting Style on Adolescent Competence and Substance Use|journal=The Journal of Early Adolescence|date=February 1991|volume=11|issue=1|pages=56–95|doi=10.1177/0272431691111004 }}</ref> This method of parenting is associated with more positive social and academic outcomes. The beneficial outcomes of authoritative parenting are not necessarily universal. Among African American adolescents, authoritative parenting is not associated with academic achievement without peer support for achievement.<ref name=Taylor /> Children who are raised by authoritative parents are "more likely to become independent, self-reliant, socially accepted, academically successful, and well-behaved. They are less likely to report depression and anxiety, and less likely to engage in antisocial behavior like delinquency and drug use."<ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Dewar G |title=The authoritative parenting style: Warmth, rationality, and high standards." A guide for the science-minded parent|url=http://www.parentingscience.com/authoritative-parenting-style.html|website=Parenting Science|access-date=20 November 2014}}</ref>
* Authoritarian parenting is characterized by low levels of warmth and responsiveness with high levels of demandingness and firm control.<ref name=Taylor /> These parents focus on obedience and they monitor their children regularly.<ref name=Baumrind /> In general, this style of parenting is associated with maladaptive outcomes. The outcomes are more harmful for middle-class boys than girls, preschool white girls than preschool black girls, and for white boys than Hispanic boys.<ref name=Baumrind /> 
* Permissive parenting is characterized by high levels of responsiveness combined with low levels of demandingness.<ref name=Baumrind /> These parents are lenient and do not necessarily require mature behavior.<ref name=Baumrind /> They allow for a high degree of self-regulation and typically avoid confrontation.<ref name=Baumrind /> Compared to children raised using the authoritative style, preschool girls raised in permissive families are less assertive.<ref name=Baumrind /> Additionally, preschool children of both sexes are less cognitively competent than those children raised under authoritative parenting styles.<ref name=Baumrind />
* Rejecting or neglectful parenting is characterized by low levels of demandingness and responsiveness. These parents are usually unsupportive, unstructured, and disinterested in their children's lives. Low degrees of reactivity and demandingness are characteristics of this parenting style.<ref name=Baumrind /> Children in this category are typically the least competent of all the categories.<ref name=Baumrind />