Editing Unmanned aerial vehicle (section)

==== Counter unmanned air system ====
{{further|Electronic warfare}}
[[File:Italian Army - 17th Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment "Sforzesca" troops with CPM-Drone Jammer.jpg|thumb|right|[[Italian Army]] soldiers of the 17th Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment "Sforzesca" with a portable drone jammer in [[Rome]]]]
[[File:Cannon support of anti-drone complex "Rat`h" on the SBA-70K2 chassis (front view).jpg|thumb|Cannon anti-drone system]]

The malicious use of UAVs has led to the development of [[Anti-aircraft warfare#Anti-UAV defences|counter unmanned air system]] (C-UAS) technologies. Automatic tracking and detection of UAVs from commercial cameras have become accurate thanks to the development of deep learning based machine learning algorithms.<ref name="issacmedina21unmanned">{{cite conference |last1=Isaac-Medina |first1=Brian K. S. |last2=Poyser |first2=Matthew |last3=Organisciak |first3=Daniel |last4=Willcocks |first4=Chris G. |last5=Breckon |first5=Toby P. |last6=Shum |first6=Hubert P. H. |title=Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Visual Detection and Tracking using Deep Neural Networks: A Performance Benchmark |date=2021 |pages=1223–1232 |arxiv=2103.13933 }}</ref> It is also possible to automatically identify UAVs across different cameras with different viewpoints and hardware specification with re-identification methods.<ref name="organisciak22uavreid">{{cite conference |last1=Organisciak |first1=Daniel |last2=Poyser |first2=Matthew |last3=Alsehaim |first3=Aishah |last4=Hu |first4=Shanfeng |last5=Isaac-Medina |first5=Brian K. S. |last6=Breckon |first6=Toby P. |last7=Shum |first7=Hubert P. H. |title=Proceedings of the 17th International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications |chapter=UAV-ReID: A Benchmark on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Re-identification in Video Imagery |date=2022 |pages=136–146 |doi=10.5220/0010836600003124 |isbn=978-989-758-555-5 |publisher=SciTePress |arxiv=2104.06219 }}</ref>  Commercial systems such as the Aaronia AARTOS have been installed on major international airports.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/uv-online/heathrows-picks-new-c-uas-combat-drone-disruption/ |title=Heathrow picks C-UAS to combat drone disruption |access-date=13 March 2019 |archive-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109111036/https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/uv-online/heathrows-picks-new-c-uas-combat-drone-disruption/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unmannedairspace.info/counter-uas-systems-and-policies/muscat-international-airport-install-usd10-million-aaronia-counter-uas-system/ |title=Muscat International Airport to install USD10 million Aaronia counter-UAS system |date=21 January 2019 |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109111704/https://www.unmannedairspace.info/counter-uas-systems-and-policies/muscat-international-airport-install-usd10-million-aaronia-counter-uas-system/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Once a UAV is detected, it can be countered with kinetic force (missiles, projectiles or another UAV) or by non-kinetic force (laser, microwaves, communications jamming).<ref>{{Cite journal|url = https://unidir.org/publication/uncrewed-aerial-systems-primer|title = Uncrewed Aerial Systems: A Primer|date = 19 October 2022|website = United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research|last1 = Grand-Clément|first1 = Sarah|last2 = Bajon|first2 = Theò|access-date = 5 January 2023|archive-date = 5 January 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230105181006/https://unidir.org/publication/uncrewed-aerial-systems-primer|url-status = bot: unknown}}</ref> Anti-aircraft missile systems such as the [[Iron Dome]] are also being enhanced with C-UAS technologies. Utilising a smart UAV swarm to counter one or more hostile UAVs is also proposed.<ref name="hartley21formation">{{cite journal |last1=Hartley |first1=John |last2=Shum |first2=Hubert P. H. |last3=Ho |first3=Edmond S. L. |last4=Wang |first4=He |last5=Ramamoorthy |first5=Subramanian |title=Formation Control for UAVs Using a Flux Guided Approach |journal=Expert Systems with Applications |date=2022 |volume=205 |page=117665 |doi=10.1016/j.eswa.2022.117665 |issn=0957-4174 |publisher=Elsevier |arxiv=2103.09184 |s2cid=232240581 }}</ref>