Editing Second Sino-Japanese War (section)

===Chinese===
* Duncan Anderson, Head of the Department of War Studies at the Royal Military Academy, UK, writing for BBC states that the total number of casualties was around 20&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nuclear_01.shtml |title=Nuclear Power: The End of the War Against Japan |publisher=BBC |access-date=2010-12-02 |archive-date=28 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128194317/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nuclear_01.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The official [[PRC]] statistics for China's civilian and military casualties in the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937 to 1945 are 20&nbsp;million dead and 15&nbsp;million wounded. The figures for total military casualties, killed and wounded are: NRA 3.2&nbsp;million; [[People's Liberation Army]] 500,000.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
* The official account of the war published in Taiwan reported that the Nationalist Chinese Army lost 3,238,000 men (1,797,000 wounded, 1,320,000 killed, and 120,000 missing) and 5,787,352 civilians casualties putting the total number of casualties at 9,025,352. The [[Kuomintang|Nationalists]] fought in 22 major engagements, most of which involved more than 100,000 troops on both sides, 1,171 minor engagements most of which involved more than 50,000 troops on both sides, and 38,931 skirmishes.<ref name=Hsu>Hsu Long-hsuen "History of the Sino-Japanese war (1937–1945)" Taipei 1972</ref> The Chinese reported their yearly total battle casualties as 367,362 for 1937, 735,017 for 1938, 346,543 for 1939, and 299,483 for 1941.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clodfelter |first=Michael |title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 |date=2015 |publisher=McFarland & Company |edition=4th |pages=393}}</ref> Additionally, the Ministry of Military Affairs recorded a total of 10,322,934 losses from illnesses, reorganizations, and desertions.<ref name="軍政部">[https://ahonline.drnh.gov.tw/index.php?act=Display/image/5258413I-c9E-=#8cF 國史館檔案史料文物查詢系統，抗戰期間陸軍動員人數統計表，典藏號：008-010701-00015-046]</ref>
* The postwar investigation of Chinese losses by the Nationalist Government recorded a total of 3,407,931 military combat casualties (1,371,374 killed, 1,738,324 wounded, and 298,233 missing) and 422,479 military deaths from illnesses. Additionally, there were 2,313 casualties (1,042 killed and 1,271 wounded) from the Air Defense Service and 9,134,569 civilian casualties (4,397,504 dead and 4,737,065 wounded).{{efn|Does not include civilian casualties in Communist-controlled lands}} Yearly casualties for the army are 881,349 in 1937, 517,121 in 1938, 413,853 in 1939, 153,983 in 1940, 258,530 in 1941, 126,557 in 1942, 67,903 in 1943, 322,625 in 1944, and 649,503 in 1945.{{efn|The losses recorded in 1937 included losses in the [[Mukden Incident]], [[January 28 Incident]], and [[Defense of the Great Wall]]. The losses recorded in 1945 included losses in guerilla fighting from 1937 until 1945}}<ref>[https://ahonline.drnh.gov.tw/index.php?act=Display/image/5258400jNZKRN2#03J 國史館檔案史料文物查詢系統，民國二十六年七月至三十四年八月止抗戰軍事損失統計表（陸軍部門），典藏號：008-010701-00015-052]</ref><ref>[https://ahonline.drnh.gov.tw/index.php?act=Display/image/5056428gRuu=_S 國史館檔案史料文物查詢系統，中日戰爭損失統計（三），典藏號：020-010116-0004]</ref>
* The Ministry of Military Affairs recorded the losses of wounded and sick soldiers in hospital directly administrated by the Nationalist Government at 443,398 losses for wounded soldiers (45,710 dead, 123,017 crippled, and 274,671 deserted) and 937,559 losses for sick soldiers (422,479 dead, 191,644 crippled, and 323,436 deserted), for a total of 1,380,957 losses (468,189 dead, 314,661 crippled, and 598,107 deserted).<ref name="何應欽"/>{{rp|430}}
* An academic study published in the United States in 1959 estimates military casualties: 1.5&nbsp;million killed in battle, 750,000 missing in action, 1.5&nbsp;million deaths due to disease and 3&nbsp;million wounded; civilian casualties: due to military activity, killed 1,073,496 and 237,319 wounded; 335,934 killed and 426,249 wounded in Japanese air attacks.<ref>Ho Ping-ti. Studies on the Population of China, 1368–1953. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959.</ref> This estimate is based on the National Central Research Institute's study of China's losses in six years from 7 July 1937 until 6 July 1943.<ref>國史館檔案史料文物查詢系統，二十六至三十二年中國對日戰事損失之估計（國立中央研究所社會科學研究所韓啟桐編），典藏號：020-010116-0001 [https://ahonline.drnh.gov.tw/index.php?act=Display/image/5376374P9FeQI3#r1e6]</ref><ref>{{cite book |date=1946 |last=Qitong |first=Han |title=中國對日戰事損失之估計 (1937–1943) |publisher=中華書局| pages=15–23}}</ref>
* According to historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta, at least 2.7&nbsp;million civilians died during the "kill all, loot all, burn all" operation ([[Three Alls Policy]], or ''sanko sakusen'') implemented in May 1942 in north China by general [[Yasuji Okamura]] and authorized on 3 December 1941, by Imperial Headquarter Order number 575.<ref>* {{cite book|last=Himeta|first=Mitsuyoshi|trans-title=Concerning the Three Alls Strategy/Three Alls Policy By the Japanese Forces|title=日本軍による「三光政策・三光作戦をめぐって|publisher=Iwanami Bukkuretto|year=1995|isbn=978-4-00-003317-6|page=43}}</ref>
* The property loss suffered by the Chinese was valued at 383&nbsp;billion US&nbsp;dollars according to the currency exchange rate in July 1937, roughly 50 times the [[gross domestic product]] of Japan at that time (US$7.7&nbsp;billion).<ref>[[Ho Ying-chin]], Who Actually Fought the Sino-Japanese War 1937–1945? 1978</ref>
* In addition, the war created 95&nbsp;million [[refugee]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=War, nation, memory : international perspectives on World War II in school history textbooks|last1=Crawford|first1=Keith A.|last2=Foster|first2=Stuart J.|publisher=Information Age|year=2007|isbn=9781607526599|location=Charlotte, NC|page=90|oclc=294758908}}</ref>
* [[Rudolph Rummel]] gave a figure of 3,949,000 people in China murdered directly by the Japanese army while giving a figure of 10,216,000 total dead in the war with the additional millions of deaths due to indirect causes like starvation, disease and disruption but not direct killing by Japan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rummel |first1=Rudolph |title=China's Bloody Century Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 |date=1991 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315081328 |page=348 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315081328 |doi=10.4324/9781315081328 |access-date=29 April 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603094240/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315081328 |url-status=live }}</ref> China suffered from famines during the war caused by drought affected both China and [[British Raj|India]], [[Chinese famine of 1942–43]] in [[Henan]] that led to starvation deaths of 2 to 3&nbsp;million people, Guangdong famine caused more than 3&nbsp;million people to flee or die, and the [[Bengal Famine of 1943|1943–1945 Indian famine in Bengal]] that killed about 3 million Indians in [[Bengal]] and parts of Southern India.<ref>{{cite web|date=2008-11-18|title=The Bengali Famine|url=https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/in-the-media/churchill-in-the-news/bengali-famine/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=The International Churchill Society|archive-date=30 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230160807/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/learn/in-the-media/churchill-in-the-news/575-the-bengali-famine|url-status=live}}</ref>