Editing Reformation (section)

=== Great Britain ===
==== England ====
{{Main|English Reformation}}
{{See|Edwardian Reformation}}
The [[English Reformation]] is a complex historical series of events and reversals, whose nature and effect has been debated by historians.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Redworth |first1=Glyn |title=Whatever happened to the English Reformation? |journal=History Today |date=October 1987 |volume=37 |pages=29–36}}</ref><ref name=peeps>{{cite journal |last1=Konkola |first1=Kari |last2=MacCulloch |first2=Diarmaid |title=People of the Book: Success in the English Reformation |journal=History Today |date=October 2003 |volume=53 |issue=10 |pages=23–29}}</ref>{{rp|23}} The results of the reformation included an [[established church]] with a "Prayer Book consciously aligned with Swiss theology,...(but) the most elaborate liturgy of any Protestant Church in Europe" practiced in Cathedrals, with plain, sermon-centred services in parish churches,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=MacCulloch |first1=Diarmaid |title=The myth of the English reformation |journal=History Today |date=July 1991 |volume=41 |issue=7 |pages=28–35}}</ref>{{rp|30}} politically imposed by a "literate Protestant elite".<ref name=peeps/>{{rp|28}}

According to political historian Gregory Slysz "The dissolution of the monasteries [...] brought social catastrophe to England" for the next 50 or so years, due to the closure of the numerous associated urban almshouses for poor relief and hospitals, worsened by spiraling inflation and a doubling of the population.<ref name=slysz>{{cite journal |last1=Slysz |first1=Gregory |title=The impact of the dissolution of Westminster Abbey on the provision of social welfare, c. 1540-1600 |journal=American Benedictine Review |date=2018}}</ref> Popular revolts by grassroots Catholics against the changes, such as the [[Prayer Book Rebellion]] in the South and the [[Pilgrimage of Grace]] and [[Bigod's rebellion]] in the North, were ruthlessly put down by government forces with the loss of thousands of lives.
===== English North America =====
{{Main|History of the Puritans in North America}}
The most famous emigration to America was the migration of Puritan separatists from the Anglican Church of England. They fled first to Holland, and then later to America to establish the English [[Massachusetts Bay Colony|colony of Massachusetts]] in New England, which later became one of the original United States. These Puritan separatists were also known as "the [[Pilgrim Fathers|Pilgrims]]". After establishing a colony at [[Plymouth Colony|Plymouth]] (which became part of the colony of Massachusetts) in 1620, the Puritan pilgrims received a charter from the [[King of England]] that legitimised their colony, allowing them to do trade and commerce with merchants in England, in accordance with the principles of [[mercantilism]]. 

The Pilgrims held radical Protestant disapproval of Christmas, and its celebration was outlawed in Boston from 1659 to 1681.<ref name="Barnett">{{cite book |last=Barnett |first=James Harwood |year=1984 |title=The American Christmas: A Study in National Culture |publisher=Ayer Publishing |isbn=978-0-405-07671-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sRH9skUh6oC&q=Christmas+Puritan+New+England&pg=PA2 |page=3}}</ref> The ban was revoked in 1681 by the English-appointed governor [[Edmund Andros]], who also revoked a Puritan ban on festivities on Saturday nights.<ref name="Barnett"/> Nevertheless, it was not until the mid-19th century that celebrating Christmas became fashionable in the Boston region.<ref>{{cite book |last=Marling |first=Karal Ann |year=2000 |title=Merry Christmas!: Celebrating America's Greatest Holiday |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-00318-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUc13_ourtYC&q=Christmas+Puritan+New+England&pg=PA44 |page=44}}</ref>

==== Wales ====
{{Further|History of Wales#Early modern period}}
Bishop [[Richard Davies (bishop)|Richard Davies]] and dissident Protestant cleric [[John Penry]] introduced Calvinist theology to Wales. In 1588, the Bishop of Llandaff published the entire Bible in the [[Welsh language]]. The translation had a significant impact upon the Welsh population and helped to firmly establish Protestantism among the [[Welsh people]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.churchinwales.org.uk/life/heritage/a-wonderful-inheritance/5-the-protestant-reformation/ |title=The Church in Wales: The Protestant Reformation |access-date=21 April 2017 |archive-date=22 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922111036/https://www.churchinwales.org.uk/life/heritage/a-wonderful-inheritance/5-the-protestant-reformation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Welsh Protestants used the model of the [[Synod of Dort]] of 1618–1619. Calvinism developed through the Puritan period, following the restoration of the monarchy under Charles II, and within Wales' [[Calvinistic Methodist]] movement. However few copies of Calvin's writings were available before the mid-19th century.<ref>D. Densil Morgan, "Calvinism in Wales: c. 1590–1909," ''Welsh Journal of Religious History'' (2009), Vol. 4, pp.&nbsp;22–36</ref>

==== Scotland ====
{{main|Scottish Reformation|Church of Scotland|Presbyterianism}}
[[File:John Knox preaching.JPG|thumb|[[John Knox]] was a leading figure in the Scottish Reformation]]

The Reformation in Scotland's case culminated ecclesiastically in the establishment of a church along [[Reformed theology|reformed]] lines, and politically in the triumph of English influence over that of France. [[John Knox]] is regarded as the leader of the Scottish reformation.

The [[Scottish Reformation Parliament|Reformation Parliament]] of 1560 repudiated the pope's authority by the ''[[Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560]]'', forbade the celebration of the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] and approved a [[Protestant]] [[Confession of Faith]]. It was made possible by a revolution against French hegemony under the regime of the [[regent]] [[Mary of Guise]], who had governed Scotland in the name of her absent daughter [[Mary, Queen of Scots]] (then also [[Queen consort|Queen]] of France).

Although Protestantism triumphed relatively easily in Scotland, the exact form of Protestantism remained to be determined. The 17th century saw a complex struggle between [[Presbyterianism]] (particularly the [[Covenanter]]s) and [[Anglicanism|Episcopalianism]]. The Presbyterians eventually won control of the [[Church of Scotland]], which went on to have an important influence on Presbyterian churches worldwide, but Scotland retained a relatively large [[Scottish Episcopal Church|Episcopalian minority]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wormald|first=Jenny|title=Court, kirk, and community: Scotland, 1470–1625|date=1991 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=0-7486-0276-3|location=Edinburgh|oclc=26132044}}</ref>