Editing Prosthesis (section)

==Low-cost prosthetics for children==
{{See also|open-source hardware|3D printing}}
[[File:Artificial limbs for a thalidomide child, 1961-1965. (9660575567).jpg|thumbnail|upright|Artificial limbs for a juvenile [[thalidomide]] survivor 1961–1965]]
In the USA an estimate was found of 32,500 children (<21 years) had a major paediatric amputation, with 5,525 new cases each year, of which 3,315 congenital.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=1946626|year=1991|last1=Krebs|first1=D. E.|title=Prosthetic management of children with limb deficiencies|journal=Physical Therapy|volume=71|issue=12|pages=920–34|last2=Edelstein|first2=J. E.|last3=Thornby|first3=M. A.|doi=10.1097/01241398-199205000-00033}}</ref>

Carr et al. (1998) investigated amputations caused by landmines for Afghanistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cambodia and Mozambique among children (<14 years), showing estimates of respectively 4.7, 0.19, 1.11 and 0.67 per 1000 children.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Carr, D.B. |year=1998|title=Pain and Rehabilitation from Landmine Injury|url=http://e-safe-anaesthesia.org/e_library/10/Pain_and_rehabilitation_from_landmine_injuries_Update_2000.pdf|volume=6|issue=2|pages=91|journal=Update in Anaesthesia}}</ref> Mohan (1986) indicated in India a total of 424,000 amputees (23,500 annually), of which 10.3% had an onset of disability below the age of 14, amounting to a total of about 43,700 limb deficient children in India alone.<ref>Mohan, D. (1986) [http://www.oandplibrary.org/op/1986_01_016.asp A Report on Amputees in India]. oandplibrary.org</ref>

Few low-cost solutions have been created specially for children. Examples of low-cost prosthetic devices include:

===Pole and crutch===
This hand-held pole with leather support band or platform for the limb is one of the simplest and cheapest solutions found. It serves well as a short-term solution, but is prone to rapid contracture formation if the limb is not stretched daily through a series of range-of motion (RoM) sets.<ref name="ReferenceA">Strait, E. (2006) [https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.oandp.org/resource/resmgr/images/resresearch/DevelopingCountries.pdf ''Prosthetics in Developing Countries'']. oandp.org Retrieved 2019-03-11</ref>

===Bamboo, PVC or plaster limbs===
This also fairly simple solution comprises a plaster socket with a bamboo or PVC pipe at the bottom, optionally attached to a prosthetic foot. This solution prevents contractures because the knee is moved through its full RoM. The David Werner Collection, an online database for the assistance of disabled village children, displays manuals of production of these solutions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Werner |first1=David |title=Disabled village children: A guide for community health workers, rehabilitation workers, and families |date=1987 |publisher=Hesperian Foundation |location=Palo Alto, CA, USA |isbn=0-942364-06-6 |edition=1st |url=https://www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/global/david/dwe002/dwe00201.html}}</ref>

===Adjustable bicycle limb===
This solution is built using a bicycle seat post up side down as foot, generating flexibility and (length) adjustability. It is a very cheap solution, using locally available materials.<ref>Cheng, V. (2004) [http://www.ispo.ca/files/bicycle-prosthesis.pdf A victim assistance solution]. School of Industrial Design, Carleton University.</ref>

===Sathi Limb===
It is an endoskeletal modular lower limb from India, which uses thermoplastic parts. Its main advantages are the small weight and adaptability.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

===Monolimb===
Monolimbs are non-modular prostheses and thus require more experienced prosthetist for correct fitting, because alignment can barely be changed after production. However, their durability on average is better than low-cost modular solutions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Winson C. C.|last2=Zhang|first2=Ming|date=2005-08-01|title=Design of monolimb using finite element modelling and statistics-based Taguchi method|journal=Clinical Biomechanics|volume=20|issue=7|pages=759–766|doi=10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2005.03.015|pmid=15963612|issn=0268-0033|url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/2925/1/2925_1.pdf}}</ref>