Editing Paris Commune (section)

== Influence and legacy ==
[[File:The red banner from the Commune, brought to Moscow by French communists.jpg|left|thumb|The red banner from the Commune brought to Moscow by French communists in June 1924.<br /> [[Kliment Voroshilov]] is at right, [[Grigory Zinoviev]] third from right, [[Avel Enukidze]] fourth, and [[Nikolay Antipov]] fifth.]]

The Paris Commune inspired other uprisings named or called Communes: in [[Moscow uprising of 1905|Moscow (December 1905)]]; [[Hungarian Soviet Republic|Hungary (March–July 1919)]]; [[Guangzhou Uprising|Canton (December 1927)]], most famously, [[February Revolution|Petrograd (1917)]], and [[Shanghai Commune of 1927|Shanghai, 1927]] and [[Shanghai People's Commune|Shanghai, 1967]]. The Commune was regarded with admiration and awe by later Communist and leftist leaders. Vladimir Lenin identified the Russian [[Soviet (council)|soviets]] as the contemporary forms of the Commune<ref name="cht">{{Cite book |last=Harding |first=Neil |title=The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought |date=4 December 2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139053600 |page=251}}</ref> and wrote: "We are only dwarves perched on the shoulders of those giants." He celebrated by dancing in the snow in Moscow on the day that his Bolshevik government was more than two months old, surpassing the Commune. The ministers and officials of the Bolshevik government were given the title ''[[Commissar]]'', which was borrowed directly from the {{lang|fr|Commissaires}} of the Commune. [[Lenin's Mausoleum]] in Moscow was (and still is) decorated with red banners from the Commune, brought to Moscow in 1924 by French communists.{{sfn|Rougerie|2004|p=264}} [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] wrote: "In 1917 we thought that we would form a commune, an association of workers, and that we would put an end to bureaucracy...That is a goal that we are still far from reaching."{{sfn|Rougerie|2004|p=264}} The [[Bolsheviks]] renamed their [[Russian battleship Sevastopol (1911)|dreadnought battleship ''Sevastopol'']] to {{lang|ru|Parizhskaya Kommuna}}. In the years of the [[Soviet Union]], the spaceflight [[Voskhod 1]] carried part of a Communard banner.

The Communards inspired many anarchists, such as [[Paul Brousse]], [[Errico Malatesta]], [[Carlo Cafiero]], and [[Andrea Costa]]. By taking up arms, they spread their ideas faster and more forcefully than they would have with the written word. The historian Zoe Baker writes that "while a person must find, buy, and read a book or newspaper for it to radicalise them, an insurrection rapidly gains the attention of large numbers of people, including [[Literacy#Industrialization|those who cannot read]], and puts them in a position where they must take a side in the ongoing struggle."<ref>Baker, Zoe. “Chapter Six: Insurrectionist Anarchism.” Means and Ends, AK Press, 2023, p. 204.</ref>

The [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]] decreed a law on 24 July 1873 for the construction of the [[Sacré-Cœur, Paris|Basilica of Sacré-Cœur]] on [[Montmartre]], near the location of the cannon park and where General Clément-Thomas and General Lecomte were killed, specifying that it be erected to "expiate the crimes of the Commune".<ref>{{Cite web |title=No. 1262 – Rapport d'information de M. Bernard Accoyer fait au nom de la mission d'information sur les questions mémorielles |trans-title=No. 1262 – Information report by Mr. Bernard Accoyer made on behalf of the information mission on memory issues |url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/13/rap-info/i1262.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719102901/http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/13/rap-info/i1262.asp |archive-date=19 July 2011 |access-date=19 March 2016 |website=www.assemblee-nationale.fr |language=fr}}</ref> A plaque and a church, {{ill|Notre-Dame-des-Otages Church|lt=Notre-Dame-des-Otages|fr|Église Notre-Dame-des-Otages}} (Our Lady of the Hostages) on Rue Haxo mark the place where fifty hostages, including priests, gendarmes and four civilians, were shot by a firing squad.<ref>Gregor Dallas, ''An Exercise in Terror: the Paris Commune 1871'', ''History Today'', Volume 39, Issue 2, 1989</ref>

A plaque also marks the wall in [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]] where 147 Communards were executed, commonly known as the [[Communards' Wall]].<ref>Cobban, Alfred (1965), ''A History of Modern France'', p. 215. Penguin Books</ref> Memorial commemorations are held at the cemetery every year in May to remember the Commune. Another plaque behind the [[Hôtel de Ville, Paris|Hôtel de Ville]] marks the site of a mass grave of Communards shot by the army. Their remains were later reburied in city cemeteries.[[File:Commune2011.jpg|thumb|A plaque honours the dead of the Commune in [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]].]]

There are several locations named after the Paris Commune. Including the {{interlanguage link|Place de la Commune-de-Paris|fr|Place de la Commune-de-Paris (Paris)}} in Paris, the [[Straße der Pariser Kommune]] in [[Berlin]], [[Germany]], the [[Komunardů]] in [[Prague]], [[Czech Republic]], and the [[Công xã Paris Square]] in [[Ho Chi Minh City]], [[Vietnam]].

The Paris Commune was a recurring theme during China's [[Cultural Revolution]].<ref name=":2" /> When students put up the first [[Big-character poster|big character poster]] following the [[16 May Notification]], [[Mao Zedong]] described it as the "declaration of China's twentieth-century Paris Commune."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Russo |first=Alessandro |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1156439609 |title=Cultural Revolution and revolutionary culture |date=2020 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-1-4780-1218-4 |location=Durham |pages=144 |oclc=1156439609}}</ref> In the Cultural Revolution's early period, the spontaneity of everyday life and mass political participation during the Paris Commune became lessons to be learned.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Kim |first=Suzy |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/950929415 |title=Everyday life in the North Korean revolution, 1945–1950 |date=2016 |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5017-0568-7 |location=Ithaca |pages=33 |oclc=950929415}}</ref> For example, the 8 August 1966 "Decision of the [[Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party]] concerning the [[Cultural Revolution|Great Proletarian Revolution]]" stated, "It is necessary to institute a system of general elections, like that of the Paris Commune, for electing members to the cultural revolutionary groups and committees and delegates to the cultural revolutionary congresses."<ref name=":1" /> During the phase of the Cultural Revolution where mass political mobilization was trending downward, the [[Shengwulian]] (an [[Ultra-leftism|ultraleft]] group in Hunan province) modeled its ideology on the radically egalitarian nature of the Paris Commune.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wu |first=Yiching |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881183403 |title=The cultural revolution at the margins : Chinese socialism in crisis |date=2014 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-41985-8 |location=Cambridge, Mass. |pages=145–146 |oclc=881183403 |access-date=8 October 2022 |archive-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527074620/https://search.worldcat.org/title/881183403 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Pol Pot]], the leader of [[Khmer Rouge]] was also inspired by Paris Commune and said the Commune had been overthrown because the proletariat had failed to exercise dictatorship over the bourgeoisie. He would not make the same mistake.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Short |first=Philip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lU85AgAAQBAJ&dq=%22The+Commune+had+been+overthrown%22&pg=PT326 |title=Pol Pot: The History of a Nightmare |date=25 April 2013 |publisher=John Murray Press |isbn=9781444780307 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111041245/https://books.google.com/books?id=lU85AgAAQBAJ&dq=%22The+Commune+had+been+overthrown%22&pg=PT326 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2021, Paris commemorated the 150th anniversary of the Commune with "a series of exhibitions, lectures and concerts, plays and poetry readings" lasting from March through May.<ref name="Guardian" /> The Mayor of Paris, [[Anne Hidalgo]], planted a memorial [[Araucaria]] tree native to [[New Caledonia]] in Montmartre; New Caledonia is where thousands of Communards were deported after the Commune was suppressed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vock |first=Ido |date=2021-03-18 |title=After 150 years, the legacy of the Paris Commune continues to divide France |publisher=[[New Statesman]] |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/world/europe/2021/03/after-150-years-legacy-paris-commune-continues-divide-france |url-status=live |access-date=2021-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419032146/https://www.newstatesman.com/world/europe/2021/03/after-150-years-legacy-paris-commune-continues-divide-france |archive-date=19 April 2021}}</ref> The city's plans to commemorate the Commune proved controversial, evoking protest from right-wing members of the city council.<ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news |last=Conman |first=Julian |date=2021-03-07 |title=Vive la Commune? The working-class insurrection that shook the world |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/07/vive-la-commune-the-working-class-insurrection-that-shook-the-world |url-status=live |access-date=2021-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419010123/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/07/vive-la-commune-the-working-class-insurrection-that-shook-the-world |archive-date=19 April 2021}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

The Commune continued to inspire strong emotions, even 150 years later. On 29 May 2021, a procession of Catholics honouring the memory of the Archbishop of Paris and the other hostages shot by the Commune in its final days was attacked and dispersed by participants from a far-left anti-fascist procession, also commemorating the Commune anniversary, outside the Père Lachaise Cemetery.<ref>Le Figaro, 30 May 2021</ref>

According to [[BBC News]], as of 2021, supporters of the Paris Commune view it as "a springtime of hope bloodily repressed by the forces of conservatism", while members of the political right view the Commune as "a time of chaos and class vengeance. They remembered the killings of priests and the burning of landmarks like the Hôtel de Ville."<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Schofield |first=Hugh |date=2021-03-18 |title=Paris Commune: The revolt dividing France 150 years on |publisher=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56426710 |url-status=live |access-date=2021-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419010122/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56426710 |archive-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>

=== Other communes of 1871 ===
Soon after the Paris Commune took power in Paris, revolutionary and socialist groups in several other French cities tried to establish their own communes. The Paris Commune sent delegates to the large cities to encourage them. The longest-lasting commune outside Paris was that of [[Marseille]], from 23 March to 4 April, which was suppressed with the loss of thirty soldiers and one hundred and fifty insurgents. None of the other Communes lasted more than a few days, and most ended with little or no bloodshed.

[[File:Derniers combats autour de la mairie de la Guillotière, pendant le soulèvement de la Commune de Lyon, le 30 avril 1871.jpg|thumb|Army attack on the insurgents entrenched around the town hall of La Guillotière, on 30 April and 1 May 1871, the last episode of the Lyon Commune]]

* '''Lyon'''. The [[Lyon Commune]] was a short-lived revolutionary movement in [[Lyon]]. Lyon had a long history of worker's movements and uprisings. On 28 September 1870, even before the Paris Commune, the anarchist [[Mikhail Bakunin]] and socialist Paul Clusaret led an unsuccessful attempt to seize the [[Hôtel de Ville, Lyon|Hôtel de Ville]] (City Hall), but were stopped, arrested and expelled from the city by national guardsmen who supported the Republic. On 22 March, when the news of the seizure of power by the Paris Commune reached Lyon, socialist and revolutionary members of the National Guard met and heard a speech by a representative of the Paris Commune. They marched to the city hall, occupied it, and established a Commune of fifteen members, of whom eleven were militant revolutionaries. They arrested the mayor and the prefect of the city, hoisted a red flag over the city hall, and declared support for the Paris Commune. A delegate from the Paris Commune, Charles Amouroux, spoke to an enthusiastic crowd of several thousand people in front of the city hall. However, the following day the national guardsmen from other neighborhoods gathered at the city hall, held a meeting, and put out their own bulletin, declaring that the takeover was a "regrettable misunderstanding," and declared their support for the government of the Republic. On 24 March, the four major newspapers of Lyon also repudiated the Commune. On 25 March, the last members of the Commune resigned and left the city hall peacefully. The Commune had lasted only two days.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=158–160}}
* '''Saint-Étienne'''. On 24 March, inspired by the news from Paris, a crowd of republican and revolutionary workers and national guardsmen invaded the [[Hôtel de Ville, Saint-Étienne|Hôtel de Ville]] (City Hall) of [[Saint-Étienne]], and demanded a plebiscite for the establishment of a Commune. Revolutionary members of the National Guard and a unit of regular army soldiers supporting the Republic were both outside the city. The prefect, an engineer named de L'Espée, was meeting with a delegation from the National Guard in his office when a shot was fired outside, killing a worker. The national guardsmen stormed the city hall, capturing the prefect. In the resulting chaos, more shots were fired and the prefect was killed. The National Guard members quickly established an executive committee, sent soldiers to occupy the railway station and telegraph office, and proclaimed a Commune, with elections to be held on 29 March. However, on the 26th, the more moderate republican members of the National Guard disassociated themselves from the Commune. An army unit entered the city on the morning of 28 March and went to the city hall. The few hundred revolutionary national guardsmen still at the city hall dispersed quietly, without any shots being fired.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=160–162}}
* '''Marseille'''. Even before the Commune, [[Marseille]] had a strongly republican mayor and a tradition of revolutionary and radical movements. On 22 March, socialist politician [[Gaston Cremieux]] addressed a meeting of workers in Marseille and called upon them to take up arms and to support the Paris Commune. Parades of radicals and socialists took to the street, chanting "Long live Paris! Long live the Commune!" On 23 March, the Prefect of the city called a mass meeting of the National Guard, expecting they would support the government; but, instead, the national guardsmen, as in Paris, stormed the [[Hôtel de Ville, Marseille|Hôtel de Ville]] (City Hall) and took the mayor and prefect prisoner. They declared a Commune, led by a commission of six members, later increased to twelve, composed of both revolutionaries and moderate socialists. The military commander of Marseille, General Henry Espivent de la Villeboisnet, withdrew his troops from the city, along with many city government officials, to [[Aubagne]], to see what would happen. The revolutionary commission soon split into two factions, one in the city hall and the other in the prefecture, each claiming to be the legal government of the city. On 4 April, General Espivent, with six to seven thousand regular soldiers supported by sailors and National Guard units loyal to the Republic, entered Marseille, where the Commune was defended by about 2,000 national guardsmen. The regular army forces laid siege to the prefecture, defended by about 400 national guardsmen. The building was bombarded by artillery and then stormed by the soldiers and sailors. About 30 soldiers and 150 insurgents were killed. As in Paris, insurgents captured with weapons in hand were executed, and about 900 others were imprisoned. Gaston Cremieux was arrested, condemned to death in June 1871, and executed five months later.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=165–170}}
* '''Besançon'''. The [[Besançon Commune]] originated from the emergence of unions, including a section of [[International Workingmen's Association]], in connection with the future [[Jura Federation]]. An insurrection in [[Besançon]] was planned for late May or early June 1871; the plan was abandoned following [[Semaine sanglante]].<ref name="Cordillot">Michel Cordillot, ''La naissance du mouvement ouvrier à Besançon – la Première internationale 1869–1872'', Besançon, Cahier d'Études comtoises, 1990, 83 pages ({{ISBN|2251604197}})</ref>
* '''Other cities'''. There were attempts to establish Communes in other cities. A radical government briefly took charge in the industrial town of [[Le Creusot Commune|Le Creusot]], from 24 to 27 March, but left without violence when confronted by the army. The [[Capitole de Toulouse|Capitole]] (City Hall), prefecture and arsenal of [[Toulouse]] were taken over by revolutionary national guardsmen on 24 March, but handed back to the army without fighting on 27 March. There was a similar short-lived takeover of the city hall in [[Narbonne]] (23–28 March). In [[Limoges]], no Commune was declared, but from 3 to 5 April revolutionary National Guard soldiers blockaded the [[Hôtel de Ville, Limoges|Hôtel de Ville]] (City Hall), mortally wounded an army colonel, and briefly prevented a regular army unit from being sent to Paris to fight the Commune, before being themselves disarmed by the army.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=173–176}}

=== Aftermath ===
* [[Adolphe Thiers]] was formally elected the first President of the [[French Third Republic]] on 30 August 1871. He was replaced by the more conservative Patrice MacMahon in 1873. In his final years, Thiers became an ally of the republicans against the constitutional monarchists in the Assembly.{{Sfn|De la Croix de Castries|1983|pages=422–461}} When he died in 1877, his funeral was a major political event. Historian [[Jules Ferry]] reported that a million Parisians lined the streets; the funeral procession was led by republican deputies [[Leon Gambetta]] and [[Victor Hugo]]. He was buried in [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], where one of the final battles of the Commune had been fought.{{sfn|Guiral|1986|page=366}}
* [[Patrice MacMahon]], leader of the regular army that crushed the Commune, served as the president of the Third Republic from 1873 to 1879. When he died in 1893, he was buried with the highest military honours at [[Les Invalides]].
* [[Georges Clemenceau]], the mayor of Montmartre at the beginning of the Commune, became the leader of the [[Radical Party (France)|Radical Party]] in the National Assembly. He was [[Prime Minister of France]] during the pivotal years of [[World War I]], and signed the [[Versailles Treaty]], restoring [[Alsace-Lorraine]] to France.

Some leaders of the Commune, including Delescluze, died on the barricades, but most of the others survived and lived long afterwards, and some of them resumed political careers in France. Between 1873 and 1876, 4,200 political prisoners were sent to the [[penal colony]] of New Caledonia.<ref>"[https://www.ieom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2010_nouvelle-caledonie.pdf Rapport annuel 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109131906/http://www.ieom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2010_nouvelle-caledonie.pdf |date=9 November 2017 }}" (PDF). IEOM Nouvelle-Calédonie.</ref> The convicts included about one thousand Communards, including [[Victor Henri Rochefort, Marquis de Rochefort-Luçay|Henri de Rochefort]] and Louise Michel.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Aldrich |first1=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRB3woPa7LAC&pg=PA46 |title=France's Overseas Frontier: Départements et territoires d'outre-mer |last2=Connell |first2=John |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-03036-6 |page=46 |access-date=14 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806165048/https://books.google.com/books?id=vRB3woPa7LAC&pg=PA46 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Félix Pyat 1871.jpg|thumb|upright|The popular journalist [[Félix Pyat]] became one of the most influential members of the Commune and its Committee for Public Safety. He went into exile during the Bloody Week, was later amnestied and elected to the National Assembly.]]
* The most remarkable comeback was that of Commune leader [[Felix Pyat]], who had been a former military leader of the Commune, and member of the Committee of Public safety. On the Commune he organised the destruction of the column in [[Place Vendôme|Place Vendome]], as well the demolition of the home of [[Adolphe Thiers]] and the expiatory chapel to [[Louis XVI]]. He escaped Paris during [[Bloody Week]], was condemned to death in absentia in 1873, and went into exile in England. After the general amnesty in 1881 he returned to Paris, and in March 1888 was elected to the National Assembly for the department of [[Bouches-du-Rhône]]. He took his seat on the extreme Left; he died at [[Saint-Gratien, Val-d'Oise|Saint-Gratien]] the following year.<ref>{{EB1911|wstitle=Pyat, Felix|volume=22|pages=675–676}}</ref>
* [[Louis Auguste Blanqui]] had been elected the honorary President of the Commune, but was in prison for its duration. He was given a sentence in a penal colony in 1872, but because of his health the sentence was changed to imprisonment. He was elected Deputy of Bordeaux in April 1879, but was disqualified. After he was released from prison, he continued his career as an agitator. He died after giving a speech in Paris in January 1881. Like Adolphe Thiers, he is buried in [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], where one of the last battles of the Commune was fought.
* [[Louise Michel]], the famous "Red Virgin", was sentenced to transportation to a penal colony in New Caledonia, where she served as a schoolteacher. She received amnesty in 1880, and returned to Paris, where she resumed her career as an activist and anarchist. She was arrested in 1880 for leading a mob that pillaged a bakery, was imprisoned, then pardoned. She was arrested several more times, and once was freed with the intervention of Georges Clemenceau. She died in 1905, and was buried near her close friend and colleague during the Commune, Théophile Ferré, the man who had signed the death warrant for the archbishop of Paris and other hostages.
* [[Adrien Lejeune]], the last surviving communard, settled in the [[Soviet Union]] in 1928 where he died in 1942.

=== In fiction ===

==== Poetry ====
* Among the first to write about the Commune was [[Victor Hugo]], whose poem "Sur une barricade", written on 11 June 1871 and published in 1872 in a collection of poems under the name {{lang|fr|[[L'Année terrible]]}}, honours the bravery of a twelve-year-old Communard being led to the execution squad.
* [[William Morris]]' sequence of poems, "The Pilgrims of Hope" (1885), features a climax set in the Commune.<ref>"In his later years, the story of the Commune so gripped Morris's imagination that it provided the climax for his long poem, "The Pilgrims of Hope"... [[E. P. Thompson]], ''William Morris : Romantic to Revolutionary''. London : PM Press, 2013. {{ISBN|9781604868418}} (p.196).</ref>

==== Novels ====
* ''{{lang|fr|[[Contes du lundi]]}}'' is a collection of novels written by [[Alphonse Daudet]], published in 1873, set during the Franco-Prussian war and the Paris Commune.
* [[Jules Vallès]], editor of ''{{lang|fr|[[Le Cri du Peuple]]}}'', wrote a trilogy ''{{lang|fr|Jacques Vingtras: L'Enfant, Le Bachelier, L'insurgé}}'', between 1878 and 1880, the complete novels being published only in 1886, after his death.
* [[Émile Zola]]'s 1892 novel ''{{lang|fr|[[La Débâcle]]}}'' is set against the background of the Franco-Prussian War, the Battle of Sedan and the Paris Commune.
* British writer [[Arnold Bennett]]'s 1908 novel ''[[The Old Wives' Tale]]'', is in part set in Paris during the Commune.
* [[Guy Endore]]'s 1933 horror novel ''[[The Werewolf of Paris]]'' is set during the Paris Commune and contrasts the savagery of the werewolf with the savagery of {{lang|fr|La [[Semaine Sanglante]]}}.
* French writer [[Jean Vautrin]]'s 1998 novel ''{{lang|fr|Le Cri du Peuple}}'' deals with the rise and fall of the Commune. The [[Prix Goncourt]]-winning novel is an account of the tumultuous events of 1871, told in [[Free indirect speech|free indirect style]] from the points of view of a police officer and a Communard whose lives are intertwined by the murder of a child and love for an Italian woman called Miss Pecci. The novel begins with the discovery of the corpse of a woman dumped in the Seine and the subsequent investigation in which the two main protagonists, Grondin and Tarpagnan, are involved. The title is drawn from the eponymous Communard newspaper, ''{{lang|fr|Le Cri du Peuple}}'', edited by [[Jules Vallès]]. The book itself is supposedly his account. Painter Gustave Courbet also makes an appearance.
* In ''[[The Prague Cemetery]]'', Italian author [[Umberto Eco]] sets chapter 17 against the background of the Paris Commune.
* ''The Queen of the Night'' by [[Alexander Chee]] (2016) depicts the survival of fictional opera singer Lilliet Berne during the siege of Paris. The novel's heroine also interacts with several notable figures of the day, including George Sand and the Empress Eugénie de Montijo.
* Several popular British and American novelists of the late 19th century depicted the Commune as a tyranny against which Anglo-Americans and their aristocratic French allies heroically pitted themselves.<ref name="ab">Albert Boime, ''Olin Levi Warner's Defense of the Paris Commune'', Archives of American Art Journal, Vol. 29, No. 3/4 (1989), (pp. 4, 13)</ref> Among the most well-known of these anti-Commune novels are ''Woman of the Commune'' (1895, AKA ''A Girl of the Commune'') by [[G. A. Henty]] and in the same year, ''The Red Republic: A Romance of the Commune'' by [[Robert W. Chambers]].<ref name="ab" />
* In ''[[Marx Returns]]'' by the British writer and filmmaker [[Jason Barker]], the Commune provides the historical context to Karl Marx's revolutionary struggles, and is depicted "as a symbol of an unfinished political project."<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2018 |title=Marx as Flawed, Manic, and One of Us: a Review of Marx Returns |url=http://politicsslashletters.org/marx-as-flawed-manic-and-one-of-us-a-review-of-marx-returns/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205103243/http://politicsslashletters.org/marx-as-flawed-manic-and-one-of-us-a-review-of-marx-returns/ |archive-date=5 December 2018 |access-date=4 December 2018}}</ref>

==== Theatre ====
* At least three plays have been set in the Commune: ''{{lang|no|Nederlaget}}'' by [[Nordahl Grieg]], ''{{lang|de|[[The Days of the Commune|Die Tage der Commune]]}}'' by [[Bertolt Brecht]], and ''{{lang|fr|Le Printemps 71}}'' by [[Arthur Adamov]].
* Berlin performance group Showcase Beat le Mot created ''{{lang|fr|Paris 1871 Bonjour Commune}}'' (first performed at Hebbel am Ufer in 2010), the final part of a tetralogy dealing with failed revolutions.
* New York theatre group [[The Civilians]] performed ''[[The Civilians#Paris Commune (2004, 2008)|Paris Commune]]'' in 2004 and 2008.

==== Film ====
* Of the numerous films set in the Commune, particularly notable is ''{{lang|fr|[[La Commune (Paris, 1871)|La Commune]]}}'', which runs for 5¾ hours and was directed by [[Peter Watkins]]. It was made in [[Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis|Montreuil]] in 2000, and as with most of Watkins' films uses ordinary people instead of actors to create a documentary effect. Some participants were the children of cast members from Watkin's masterpiece ''[[Edvard Munch (film)|Edvard Munch]]'' (1974). ''La Commune'' was shot on film by Odd-Geir Saether, the Norwegian cameraman from the Munch film.
* Soviet filmmakers [[Grigori Kozintsev]] and [[Leonid Trauberg]] wrote and directed, in 1929, the silent film ''[[The New Babylon]]'' ({{lang|ru|Novyy Vavilon}}) about the Paris Commune. It features [[Dmitri Shostakovich]]'s first film score.
* British filmmaker [[Ken McMullen (film director)|Ken McMullen]] has made two films directly or indirectly influenced by the Commune: ''[[Ghost Dance (film)|Ghost Dance]]'' (1983) and ''[[1871 (film)|1871]]'' (1990). ''Ghost Dance'' includes an appearance by French philosopher [[Jacques Derrida]].
* Moinak Biswas, Indian filmmaker and professor of [[film studies]] at [[Jadavpur University]] in [[Kolkata]], showed a split-screen entry connecting the work of 1970s Left filmmaker [[Ritwik Ghatak]] with contemporary shots of the Paris Commune at the 11th [[Shanghai Biennale]] (2016).<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/DwxZGL4_nto Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200830011128/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DwxZGL4_nto&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Cite web |title='জ্বলন্ত শব্দের পথ' (Across the Burning Track) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DwxZGL4_nto |website=[[YouTube]]| date=5 July 2019 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==== Other ====
[[File:The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_3991_stamp_(Fighting_at_the_Barricades)_cancelled.jpg|thumb|Soviet stamp of 1971 marking the Commune's centenary.]]
* Italian composer [[Luigi Nono (composer)|Luigi Nono]] wrote the opera ''{{lang|it|[[Al gran sole carico d'amore]]}}'' (''In the Bright Sunshine, Heavy with Love''), which is based on the Paris Commune.
* Comics artist [[Jacques Tardi]] adapted Vautrin's novel (listed above) into a [[graphic novel]], also called ''{{lang|fr|Le Cri du Peuple}}''.
* In the long-running British TV series ''[[The Onedin Line]]'' (episode 27, screened 10 December 1972), shipowner James Onedin is lured into the Commune in pursuit of a commercial debt and finds himself under heavy fire.