Editing London Underground (section)

===Architecture===
{{see also|List of listed London Underground stations}}
Seventy of the 272 [[List of London Underground stations|London Underground stations]] use buildings that are on the [[listed building|Statutory List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest]], and five have entrances in listed buildings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://urbandesign.tfl.gov.uk/Heritage-Library/Underground/Line.aspx |title=Heritage Library: Underground: Line |publisher=Transport for London |work=Urban Design <!--|date=n.d.--> |access-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523185400/http://urbandesign.tfl.gov.uk/Heritage-Library/Underground/Line.aspx |archive-date=23 May 2013 }}</ref> The Metropolitan Railway's original seven stations were inspired by [[Italianate]] designs, with the platforms lit by daylight from above and by [[gas lighting|gas lights]] in large glass globes.{{sfnp|Ovenden|2013|pp=11, 18–19}} Early District Railway stations were similar and on both railways the further from central London the station the simpler the construction.{{sfnp|Ovenden|2013|pp=26, 28}} The City & South London Railway opened with red-brick buildings, designed by [[T. P. Figgis|Thomas Phillips Figgis]], topped with a lead-covered dome that contained the lift mechanism and weather vane (still visible at many stations, such as Clapham Common).<ref name=":4" />{{sfnp|Ovenden|2013|p=35}} The Central London Railway appointed [[Harry Bell Measures]] as architect, who designed its pinkish-brown steel-framed buildings with larger entrances.{{sfnp|Ovenden|2013|p=38}}

[[File:Russell Square station.jpg|thumb|Russell Square, one of the UERL stations designed by Leslie Green clad in [[Sang-de-boeuf glaze|ox-blood tiles]]]]
[[File:55BroadwayLondon.jpg|thumb|[[55 Broadway]], above [[St James's Park tube station|St James's Park station]], was designed by [[Charles Holden]] in 1927 and is one of only two [[Grade I listed building]]s on the Underground.]]
In the first decade of the 20th century [[Leslie Green]] established a house style for the tube stations built by the UERL, which were clad in [[Sang-de-boeuf glaze|ox-blood]] [[Glazed architectural terra-cotta|faience]] blocks.{{sfnp|Ovenden|2013|pp=60–61, 70}} Green pioneered using building design to guide passengers with direction signs on tiled walls, with the stations given a unique identity with patterns on the platform walls.{{sfnp|Ovenden|2013|pp=71–72}}<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.5334/pia.402 |journal=[[Papers from the Institute of Archaeology]] |title=Conserving Heritage Tiles on the London Underground: Challenges and Approaches |volume=22 |year=2012 |pages=48–60 |last=Fulcher |first=Kate |doi-access=free }}</ref> Many of these tile patterns survive, though a significant number of these are now replicas.<ref>{{cite web |title=London Underground's Edwardian Tile Patterns |publisher=Doug Rose |url=http://www.dougrose.co.uk/ |access-date=12 July 2007 |archive-date=20 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420185948/http://www.dougrose.co.uk/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Harry W. Ford was responsible for the design of at least 17 UERL and District Railway stations, including Barons Court and Embankment, and claimed to have first thought of enlarging the U and D in the U<small>NDERGROUN</small>D wordmark.{{sfnp|Ovenden|2013|pp=41, 63}} The Met's architect [[Charles Walter Clark]] had used a [[Neoclassical architecture|neo-classical]] design for rebuilding Baker Street and [[Paddington tube station (Bakerloo, Circle and District lines)|Paddington Praed Street]] stations before the First World War and, although the fashion had changed, continued with Farringdon in 1923. The buildings had metal lettering attached to pale walls.{{sfnp|Ovenden|2013|p=38}} Clark would later design "Chiltern Court", the large, luxurious block of apartments at Baker Street, that opened in 1929.{{sfnp|Green|1987|p=44}} In the 1920s and 1930s, [[Charles Holden]] designed a series of [[Modern architecture|modernist]] and [[art-deco]] stations some of which he described as his 'brick boxes with concrete lids'.{{sfnp|Ovenden|2013|pp=150–152}} Holden's design for the Underground's headquarters building at [[55 Broadway]] included avant-garde sculptures by [[Jacob Epstein]], [[Eric Gill]] and [[Henry Moore]].{{sfnp|Ovenden|2013|p=146}}<ref name="V&A">{{cite web |url=http://www.architecture.com/Files/RIBATrust/RIBALibrary/VAndAPartnership/UndergroundJourneysGalleryGuide.pdf |title=Underground Journeys: Charles Holden's designs for London Transport |publisher=V&A RIBA architecture partnership <!--|date=n.d.--> |access-date=15 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314033016/http://www.architecture.com/Files/RIBATrust/RIBALibrary/VAndAPartnership/UndergroundJourneysGalleryGuide.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 }}</ref>

When the Central line was extended east, the stations were simplified Holden proto-[[Brutalist]] designs,{{sfnp|Ovenden|2013|p=213}} and a cavernous concourse built at [[Gants Hill tube station|Gants Hill]] in honour of early [[Moscow Metro]] stations.{{sfnp|Ovenden|2013|p=214}} Few new stations were built in the 50 years after 1948, but [[Misha Black]] was appointed design consultant for the 1960s Victoria line, contributing to the line's uniform look,{{sfnp|Ovenden|2013|p=234}} with each station having an individual tile motif.{{sfnp|Ovenden|2013|p=243}} Notable stations from this period include [[Moor Park station|Moor Park]], the stations of the Piccadilly line extension to Heathrow and [[Hillingdon tube station|Hillingdon]].

In recent years, the stations of the 1990s [[Jubilee Line Extension]] were designed in a [[High-tech architecture|high-tech style]] by architects such as [[Norman Foster (architect)|Norman Foster]] and [[Michael Hopkins (architect)|Michael Hopkins]].{{sfnp|Day|Reed|2010|pp=209–211}} The project was critically acclaimed, with the [[Royal Fine Arts Commission]] describing the project as "an example of patronage at its best and most enlightened", and two stations shortlisted for the [[Stirling Prize]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Marrs|first=Colin|date=1 August 2017|title=Big names call for rethink on Jubilee Line listing refusals|url=http://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/big-names-call-for-rethink-on-jubilee-line-listing-refusals|access-date=22 March 2021|website=The Architects' Journal|language=en|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515090301/https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/big-names-call-for-rethink-on-jubilee-line-listing-refusals|url-status=live}}</ref> Stations were built to the latest standards, future proofed for growth, with innovations such as [[Platform screen doors]].{{sfnp|Ovenden|2013|pp=268–269}} [[West Ham station]] was built as a homage to the red brick tube stations of the 1930s, using brick, concrete and glass.

Many platforms have unique interior designs to help passenger identification. The tiling at Baker Street incorporates repetitions of [[Sherlock Holmes]]'s silhouette;<ref name="Tfl-SA"/> at [[Tottenham Court Road tube station|Tottenham Court Road]] semi-abstract mosaics by [[Eduardo Paolozzi]] feature musical instruments, tape machines and butterflies;{{sfn|Day|Reed|2010|pp=188–189}} and at [[Charing Cross tube station|Charing Cross]], [[David Gentleman]] designed the mural depicting the construction of the [[Eleanor cross|Eleanor Cross]].<ref name=":4" /> [[Robyn Denny]] designed the murals on the Northern line platforms at Embankment.<ref name="Tfl-SA">{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/2445.aspx |title=Station architecture |publisher=Transport for London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020070920/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/2445.aspx |access-date=20 October 2013 |archive-date=20 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>