Editing International Space Station (section)

===Expeditions===
{{See also|List of International Space Station expeditions}}
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| total_width       = 400
| image1            = Sts088-703-019e.jpg
| caption1          = ''Zarya'' and ''Unity'' were entered for the first time on 10 December 1998.
| image2            = Soyuz tm-31 transported to launch pad.jpg
| caption2          = Soyuz TM-31 being prepared to bring the first resident crew to the station in October 2000
}}

Each permanent crew is given an expedition number. Expeditions run up to six months, from launch until undocking, an 'increment' covers the same time period, but includes cargo spacecraft and all activities. Expeditions 1 to 6 consisted of three-person crews. After the destruction of NASA's Space Shuttle ''Columbia'', Expeditions 7 to 12 were reduced to two-person "caretaker" crews who could maintain the station, because a larger crew could not be fully resupplied by the small Russian Progress cargo spacecraft.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Harwood|first=William|date=27 February 2003|title=O'Keefe says station set for two-man caretaker crew|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/shuttle/sts107/030227station/|access-date=5 November 2024|work=Spaceflight Now|publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> After the Shuttle fleet returned to flight, three person crews also returned to the ISS beginning with Expedition 13. As the Shuttle flights expanded the station, crew sizes also expanded, eventually reaching six around 2010.<ref name="ISSEx">{{cite web|date=10 April 2009|title=International Space Station Expeditions|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/index.html|access-date=13 April 2009|publisher=NASA|archive-date=14 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814024250/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="current">{{cite web|last=NASA|year=2008|title=International Space Station|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html|access-date=22 October 2008|publisher=NASA|archive-date=7 September 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050907073730/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> With the arrival of crew on larger US [[Development of the Commercial Crew Program|commercial spacecraft]] beginning in 2020,<ref name="bbc-20200119">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-51169705|title=SpaceX completes emergency crew escape manoeuvre|date=19 January 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811163510/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-51169705|archive-date=11 August 2023|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> crew size has been increased to seven, the number for which ISS was originally designed.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Morring|first=Frank|date=27 July 2012|title=ISS Research Hampered By Crew Availability|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/article.aspx?id=/article-xml/asd_07_26_2012_p01-02-480253.xml|url-status=dead|magazine=Aviation Week|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501214851/http://www.aviationweek.com/article.aspx?id=%2Farticle-xml%2Fasd_07_26_2012_p01-02-480253.xml|archive-date=1 May 2013|access-date=30 July 2012|quote=A commercial capability would allow the station's crew to grow from six to seven by providing a four-seat vehicle for emergency departures in addition to the three-seat Russian Soyuz capsules in use today.}}</ref><ref name="airandspace-201104">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/assembly-nearly-complete-2091210/|title=Assembly (Nearly) Complete|last=Hoversten|first=Paul|date=April 2011|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|access-date=8 May 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607224549/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/assembly-nearly-complete-2091210/|archive-date=7 June 2023|quote=In fact, we're designed on the U.S. side to take four crew. The ISS design is actually for seven. We operate with six because first, we can get all our work done with six, and second, we don't have a vehicle that allows us to fly a seventh crew member. Our requirement for the new vehicles being designed is for four seats. So I don't expect us to go down in crew size. I would expect us to increase it.|magazine=[[Air & Space]]}}</ref>

[[Oleg Kononenko]] of Roscosmos holds the record for the longest time spent in space and at the ISS, accumulating nearly 1,111 days in space over the course of five long-duration missions on the ISS ([[Expedition 17]], [[Expedition 30|30]]/[[Expedition 31|31]], [[Expedition 44|44]]/[[Expedition 45|45]], [[Expedition 57|57]]/[[Expedition 58|58]]/[[Expedition 59|59]] and [[Expedition 69|69]]/[[Expedition 70|70]]/[[Expedition 71|71]]). He also served as commander three times (Expedition 31, 58/59 and 70/71).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmonaut Biography: Oleg D. Kononenko|url=http://spacefacts.de/bios/cosmonauts/english/kononenko_oleg_d.htm|access-date=5 November 2024|website=spacefacts.de}}</ref>

[[Peggy Whitson]] of NASA and [[Axiom Space]] has spent the most time in space of any American, accumulating over 675 days in space during her time on Expeditions [[Expedition 5|5]], [[Expedition 16|16]], and [[Expedition 50|50]]/[[Expedition 51|51]]/[[Expedition 52|52]] and [[Axiom Mission 2]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Biographies of U.S. Astronauts: Whitson|url=http://www.spacefacts.de/bios/astronauts/english/whitson_peggy.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618112418/http://www.spacefacts.de/bios/astronauts/english/whitson_peggy.htm|archive-date=18 June 2023|access-date=18 June 2023|publisher=Spacefacts}}</ref><ref name="ax2commander">{{Cite press release|url=https://www.axiomspace.com/press-release/ax2|title=Record-holding astronaut Peggy Whitson and mission pilot John Shoffner to lead Axiom Space's Ax-2 mission to enable new research in space|date=25 May 2021|publisher=[[Axiom Space]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111164639/https://www.axiomspace.com/press-release/ax2|archive-date=11 November 2023}}</ref>