Editing History of the Philippines (section)

=== Administration of Manuel Roxas (1946–1948) ===
[[File:ManuelRoxasfirstinauguration.jpg|thumb|Manuel Roxas inaugurated as president in 1946]]

Elections were held in April 1946, with [[Manuel Roxas]] becoming the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines. The United States [[Treaty of Manila (1946)|ceded its sovereignty]] over the Philippines on July 4, 1946, as scheduled. Ending the 381 years of colonial rule in the country that had lasted from April 27, 1565, since the Spanish settlement.<ref name="pinas" /><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.chanrobles.com/rpustreatyofgeneralrelations.htm|title=Treaty of General Relations between the Republic of the Philippines and the United States of America|date=July 4, 1946|publisher=Chanrobles law library|access-date=November 30, 2007}}</ref> However, the [[Economy of the Philippines|Philippine economy]] remained highly dependent on [[Economy of the United States|United States markets]]—more dependent, according to United States high commissioner [[Paul McNutt]], than any single U.S. state was dependent on the rest of the country.<ref name="uslc-23">{{Harvnb|Dolan|1991-23}}</ref> The [[Philippine Trade Act]], passed as a precondition for receiving war rehabilitation grants from the United States,<ref name="beterano">{{cite web|title=Balitang Beterano: Facts about Philippine Independence|url=http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/tl/tl012375.htm|publisher=Philippine Headline News Online|access-date=August 21, 2006|archive-date=June 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609104852/http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/tl/tl012375.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> exacerbated the dependency with provisions further tying the economies of the two countries. A military assistance pact was signed in 1947 granting the United States a 99-year lease on designated [[military base]]s in the country.

During Roxas' term of office administration of the [[Turtle Islands, Tawi-Tawi|Turtle Islands]] and [[Mangsee Islands]] was transferred by the [[United Kingdom]] to the [[Republic of the Philippines]]. By an international treaty concluded in 1930 between the [[United States]] (in respect of its then overseas territory, the [[Philippine Archipelago]]) and the [[United Kingdom]] (in respect of its then protectorate, the [[North Borneo|State of North Borneo]]) the two powers agreed the international boundaries between those respective territories.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.loc.gov/law/help/us-treaties/bevans/b-gb-ust000012-0473.pdf| title = Convention between the United States and the United Kingdom done at Washington on 2 January 1930| website = [[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> In that treaty the United Kingdom also accepted that the Turtle Islands as well as the Mangsee Islands were part of the Philippines Archipelago and therefore under US sovereignty. However, by a supplemental international treaty concluded at the same time, the two powers agreed that those islands, although part of the Philippines Archipelago, would remain under the administration of the [[North Borneo|State of North Borneo]]'s [[British North Borneo Company]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.loc.gov/law/help/us-treaties/bevans/b-gb-ust000012-0473.pdf| title = Exchange of Notes between the United States and the United Kingdom done at Washington on 2 January 1930| website = [[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> The supplemental treaty provided that the British North Borneo Company would continue to administer those islands unless and until the United States government gave notice to the United Kingdom calling for administration of the islands to be transferred to the U.S. The U.S. never gave such a notice. On July 4, 1946, the [[Republic of the Philippines]] was born. It became the successor to the U.S. under the treaties of 1930. On July 15, 1946, the United Kingdom annexed the State of North Borneo and, in the view of the United Kingdom, became the sovereign power with respect to what had been the State of North Borneo.<ref>The North Borneo Cession Order in Council 1946</ref> On September 19, 1946, the Republic of the Philippines notified the United Kingdom that it wished to take over the administration of the [[Turtle Islands, Tawi-Tawi]] and the Mangesse Islands. Pursuant to a supplemental international agreement, the transfer of administration became effective on October 16, 1947.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of the Republic of the Philippines regarding the transfer of the administration of the Turtle and Mangsee Islands to the Philippine Republic; Cmd 8320|url=http://treaties.fco.gov.uk/docs/fullnames/pdf/1951/TS0058%20%281951%29%20CMD-8320%201948%2020%20APR%2C%20MANILA%3B%20NOTES%20BETWEEN%20GOV%20OF%20UK%20%26%20PHILIPPINES%20REGARDING%20TRANSFER%20OF%20ADMINISTRATION%20OF%20TURTLE%20%26%20MANGSEE%20ISLANDS.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505194733/http://treaties.fco.gov.uk/docs/fullnames/pdf/1951/TS0058%20%281951%29%20CMD-8320%201948%2020%20APR%2C%20MANILA%3B%20NOTES%20BETWEEN%20GOV%20OF%20UK%20%26%20PHILIPPINES%20REGARDING%20TRANSFER%20OF%20ADMINISTRATION%20OF%20TURTLE%20%26%20MANGSEE%20ISLANDS.pdf|archive-date=May 5, 2018|access-date=January 15, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Peter C. Richards|date=December 6, 1947|title=New Flag Over Pacific Paradise|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19471206&id=Sf5UAAAAIBAJ&pg=4610,725646&hl=en|access-date=October 22, 2015|publisher=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref>

Roxas did not stay long in office because of a heart attack as he was speaking at Clark Air Base on April 15, 1948. He was succeeded by his vice president [[Elpidio Quirino]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080729040135/http://www.op.gov.ph/museum/pres_roxas.asp Philippine presidents " Manuel A. Roxas], Malacañang Museum (archived from [http://www.op.gov.ph/museum/pres_roxas.asp the original] on July 29, 2008).</ref>