Editing Gratuity (section)

===North America and the Caribbean===

====Canada====
[[File: Chip Card Reader Tipping Options.jpg|thumb|150px|Tipping options on a chip card reader]]
Tipping is practiced in Canada in a similar, but often less vigorous manner than the United States. Though a 15% gratuity is fairly common when food is served, tipping is not otherwise as widespread as in American culture. This has led to concerns in American border cities, where businesses relying on Canadian tourists often suffer.<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Shei |first1=Tim |title=The Tipping Point: When it comes to gratuities, Canadians might have an undeserved reputation for frugality |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123144456/https://buffalonews.com/lifestyles/the-tipping-point-when-it-comes-to-gratuities-canadians-might-have-an-undeserved-reputation-for/article_2d4eb9b6-5808-5481-a58a-55e2bf5f9c1d.html |url=https://buffalonews.com/lifestyles/the-tipping-point-when-it-comes-to-gratuities-canadians-might-have-an-undeserved-reputation-for/article_2d4eb9b6-5808-5481-a58a-55e2bf5f9c1d.html |work=The Buffalo News |date=May 3, 2015 |archive-date= November 23, 2020 |ref=BuffaloNews}}</ref>

In Canadian provinces other than Quebec, a deeply entrenched practice is "tipping out", in which servers' tips are shared with kitchen staff, a practice that would be illegal in the United States.<ref name="Mentzer2021">{{cite journal |last=Mentzer|first=Marc S.|date=December 2021|title=The tipping dilemma: Restaurant gratuities in Canada |journal=Journal of Tourism and Leisure Studies |volume=6|issue=2 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.18848/2470-9336/CGP/v06i02/1-10 |issn=2470-9344 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author=Leung, Wency | title=Should restaurants be barred from taking a share of a server's tip? | website=The Globe and Mail | date=April 30, 2018 | url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/food-and-wine/food-trends/should-restaurants-be-barred-from-taking-a-share-of-a-servers-tip/article4253753/ | access-date=September 20, 2018}}</ref><ref name="thestar.com">{{cite news| url=https://www.thestar.com/life/2009/04/16/government_has_no_ordinance_in_tussle_for_servers_tips.html | location=Toronto | work=[[Toronto Star]] | title=Government has no ordinance in tussle for servers' tips |author=Corey Mintz |date=16 April 2009}}</ref> Another custom in some restaurants is "house tipping", in which the manager or owner takes a share of the tips, a practice that is permitted in some provinces and forbidden in others.<ref name="Mentzer2021"/><ref name="thestar.com" /><ref>"Restaurant Tipping: Ontario NDP Wants Ban On Restaurants Skimming Tips". By Keith Leslie, ''The Canadian Press''. Posted: 06/11/2012 http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/06/11/restaurant-tips-ndp-ontario-labour-law_n_1587182.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125193511/https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/06/11/restaurant-tips-ndp-ontario-labour-law_n_1587182.html |date=2020-11-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/ontario-employers-servers-tips-1.3354563|title=Ontario moves to protect servers' tips |publisher=CBC News}}</ref>

Canadian Federal tax law considers tips as income. Workers who receive tips are legally required to report the income to the [[Canada Revenue Agency]] and pay [[income tax]] on it. In July 2012, ''The Toronto Star'' reported that CRA is concerned with tax evasion. An auditing of 145 servers in four restaurants by CRA mentioned in the report uncovered that among 145 staff audited, C$1.7 million was unreported.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/1223335--wait-staff-hiding-tips-from-the-taxman-auditors-find |title=Wait staff hiding tips from the taxman, auditors find  |work=Toronto Star |date=2012-07-08 |access-date=2014-01-22}}</ref> In 2005, The CRA was quoted that it will closely check the tax returns of individuals who would reasonably be expected to be receiving tips to ensure that the tips are reported realistically.<ref>McCracken, D. L. "[http://www.halifaxlive.com/artman/publish/printer_tax_230505_112.shtml Revenue Canada to Tax Wait Staff's Tips]" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928060526/http://www.halifaxlive.com/artman/publish/printer_tax_230505_112.shtml |date=2007-09-28 }}. HalifaxLive.com. 2005-05-23.</ref>

====Caribbean====
Tipping in the Caribbean varies from island to island. In the Dominican Republic, restaurants add a 10% gratuity and it is customary to tip an extra 10%. In St. Barths, it is expected that a tip be 10% to 15% if gratuity is not already included.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://culinarytravel.about.com/od/planningculinarytravel/a/Tipping_Guide_Worldwide.htm |title=Tipping Etiquette and Tipping Guidelines for Restaurants Around the World – Guidelines for Tipping Etiquette in Restaurants Around the World |publisher=Culinarytravel.about.com |date=2013-12-18 |access-date=2014-01-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112205916/http://culinarytravel.about.com/od/planningculinarytravel/a/Tipping_Guide_Worldwide.htm |archive-date=2013-11-12 }}</ref>

====Mexico====
Workers in small, economy restaurants usually do not expect a tip. However, tipping in Mexico is common in larger, medium and higher end restaurants. It is customary in these establishments to tip not less than 10% but not more than 15% of the bill as a voluntary offering for good service based on the total bill before value added tax,<ref name="youtube.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HjXJGPdl0Vc  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/HjXJGPdl0Vc| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|title=Reporte Especial: ¿Das propina? Revista del Consumidor TV 10.1 |date=11 March 2013 |publisher=YouTube |access-date=2014-01-22}}{{cbignore}}</ref> "IVA" in English, [[VAT]]. Value added tax is already included in menu or other service industry pricing since Mexican Consumer Law requires the exhibition of final costs for the customer. Thus, the standard tip in Mexico is 11.5% of the pre-tax bill which equates to 10% after tax in most of the Mexican territory, except in special lower tax stimulus economic zones.<ref name="youtube.com" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learn4good.com/travel/tourist_information/mexico_guidebooks_mexican_embassy_list_visas.htm |title=Mexico Travel Guide tips, Mexico City tourist information, visa requirements, work visas, student accommodation, food, eating on a budget |publisher=Learn4good.com |date=2005-01-01 |access-date=2014-01-22 |archive-date=2013-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110121844/http://www.learn4good.com/travel/tourist_information/mexico_guidebooks_mexican_embassy_list_visas.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Tips to taxi drivers are unusual in Mexico, but drivers used to ask for them from tourists, knowing that is common in other countries. Locally, taxi drivers are only tipped when they offer an extra service, like helping with the luggage or similar help.

A gratuity may be added to the bill without the customer's consent, contrary to the law,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DFX604Gxqw  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/1DFX604Gxqw| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|title=Qué hacer si te quieren cobrar la propina [Revista del Consumidor Webcast 211 |publisher=YouTube |date=2013-02-28 |access-date=2014-01-22}}{{cbignore}}</ref> either explicitly printed on the bill, or by more surreptitious means alleging local custom, in some restaurants, bars, and night clubs. However, in 2012, officials began a campaign to eradicate this increasingly rampant and abusive practice not only due to it violating Mexican consumer law, but also because frequently it was retained by owners or management.

If a service charge for tip ("propina" or "restaurant service charge") is added, it is a violation of Article 10 of the Mexican Federal Law of the Consumer and Mexican authorities recommend patrons require management to refund or deduct this from their bill. Additionally, in this 2012 Federal initiative to eliminate the illegal add-ons, the government clarified that contrary even to the belief of many Mexicans, that the Mexican legal definition of tips ("propinas") require it be discretionary to pay so that an unsatisfied client is under no obligation to pay anything to insure the legal definition of a tip is consistent with the traditional, cultural definition, and going as far to encourage all victims subject to the increasing illicit practice report the establishments to the [[PROFECO]], the Office of the Federal Prosecutor for the Consumer, for prosecution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://revistadelconsumidor.gob.mx/?p=30706 |title=QuĂŠ hacer si… Te quieren cobrar la propina &#124; Revista del Consumidor en LĂnea |publisher=Revistadelconsumidor.gob.mx |access-date=2014-01-22 |archive-date=2013-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110152630/http://revistadelconsumidor.gob.mx/?p=30706 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====United States====
[[File:Luzmilla's Waiter.jpg|thumb|200px|A server at Luzmilla's restaurant]]
Tipping is a practiced social custom in the [[United States]]. Tipping by definition is voluntary – at the discretion of the customer. In restaurants offering traditional table service,<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2015/02/07/normal-restaurant-tip/DONV9Oq598hVLBZAqtw0ZM/story.html |title= 20 percent tip? Easier math makes paying the bill a snap |newspaper=Boston Globe |access-date=2015-02-07}}</ref> a gratuity of 15–20% of the amount of a customer’s check (before tax) is customary when good to excellent service is provided. In [[buffet]]-style restaurants where the server brings only beverages, 10–15% is customary.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.goodhousekeeping.com/recipes/table-manners/buffet-tipping-oct01 |title=Tipping for a Buffet – Peggy Post Etiquette |magazine=Good Housekeeping |access-date=2014-01-22}}</ref> Higher tips may be given for excellent service, and lower tips for mediocre or ''subpar''  service. In the case of bad or rude service no tip may be given, and the restaurant manager may be notified of the issue at hand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smallbusiness.chron.com/rules-restaurant-gratuities-36235.html |title=Rules for Restaurant Gratuities &#124; Chron.com |date=15 December 2011 |publisher=Smallbusiness.chron.com |access-date=2014-01-22}}</ref>  Tips are also generally given for services provided at golf courses, casinos, hotels, spas, salons, and for concierge services, food delivery, and taxis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p3148.pdf |title=p3184 |website=www.irs.gov }}</ref> This etiquette applies to service at weddings where the host should provide appropriate tips to workers at the end of an event; the amount may be negotiated in the contract.<ref>{{citation | title=The Everything Wedding Checklist | last1=Anastasio | first1=Janet | last2=Bevilaqua | first2=Michelle | publisher=F+W Publications | year=2000 | isbn=978-1-58062-456-5 | page=[https://archive.org/details/everythingweddin0000anas/page/21 21] | url=https://archive.org/details/everythingweddin0000anas/page/21 }}</ref>

The [[Fair Labor Standards Act]] defines tippable employees as individuals who customarily and regularly receive tips of $30 or more per month. Federal law permits employers to include tips towards satisfying the difference between employees' hourly wage and minimum wage. Federal minimum wage for tipped employees in the United States is $2.13 per hour, as long as the combination of tips and $2.13 hourly wage exceed the standard minimum wage of $7.25 per hour, although some states and territories provide more generous provisions for tipped employees. For example, laws in Alaska, California, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, and Guam specify that employees must be paid the full minimum wage of that state/territory (which is equal or higher than the federal minimum wage in these instances) without regard to tips.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/whd/state/tipped.htm|title=Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees|publisher=Department of Labor|access-date=2014-04-04}}</ref>

However, a report in 2012 from the Department of Labor's and Wage and Hours Division (WHD) uncovered that 84% of the 9,000 restaurants they investigated disobeyed the subminimum wage system. In the end the WHD found "1,170 tip credit infractions that resulted in nearly $5.5 million in back wages."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Twenty-Three Years and Still Waiting for Change: Why It's Time to Give Tipped Workers the Regular Minimum Wage|url=https://www.epi.org/publication/waiting-for-change-tipped-minimum-wage/|access-date=2020-11-30|website=Economic Policy Institute|language=en-US}}</ref>

Before 2018, a tip pool could not be allocated to employers, or to employees who do not customarily and regularly receive tips.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Strong|first=Andrea|date=2018-06-12|title=Do You Know Where Your Tip Money Is Going?|url=https://www.eater.com/2018/6/12/17439694/tipping-laws-tip-sharing-fair-labor-standards-act|access-date=2020-12-12|website=Eater|language=en}}</ref> These non-eligible employees included dishwashers, cooks, chefs, and janitors. In March 2018 an amendment was added to the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) that allowed restaurants in a majority of states to split the split tips between front and back of house workers.<ref name=":3" /> Before this legislation passed there was concern of income inequality and the ability to pay rents between front and back of house workers. Over the span of 30 years since 1985 back of house workers in New York City restaurants had a compensation increase of about 25%. Meanwhile, their front of house counterpoints saw an increase of 300% in compensation.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Azar|first=Ofer H.|date=2020-05-01|title=The Economics of Tipping|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|language=en|volume=34|issue=2|pages=215–236|doi=10.1257/jep.34.2.215|issn=0895-3309|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2015 the average wage of cooking staff in New York was $10–12, many of whom dealt with high monthly rent payments and also debt from culinary school.<ref name=":12" /> As seemingly low skilled front of house workers were making more money than the skilled back of house chefs, many cooks decided to switch over into serving instead.<ref name=":12" />

[[File:King David Hotel Waiters.jpg|thumb|200px|Waiters at the [[King David Hotel]]]]

There is only limited information available on levels of tipping. A study at Iowa State University provided data for a suburban restaurant surveyed in the early 1990s. The mean tip was $3.00 on a mean bill of $19.78. As such, the mean tip rate was 16.1%, and the median tip rate was about 15%.<ref name="ISU">{{cite web|url=http://www.public.iastate.edu/~dicook/stat503/05/cs-tips2.pdf|title=STAT 503 Case Study 1: Restaurant Tipping|access-date=2012-09-27|archive-date=2013-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116154705/http://www.public.iastate.edu/~dicook/stat503/05/cs-tips2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In a 2003 research study at Brigham Young University, the sample restaurants had an average tip percentage ranging from 13.57% to 14.69% between 1999 and 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orca.byu.edu/Journals/2003%20Final%20reports/_msm/jackson.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308145711/http://orca.byu.edu/Journals/2003%20Final%20reports/_msm/jackson.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 8, 2017 |access-date=December 29, 2010 |title=Error 403 &#124; Office of Research & Creative Activities }}</ref> A 2001 study done at Cornell University exploring the relationship between tip amount and quality of service has shown that quality of service is only weakly related to the amount the server is tipped by the guest. This study suggests that servers who provide amazing service are tipped marginally better, or not better at all, than servers who provide standard service.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scholarship.sha.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1110&context=articles|title=Restaurant Tipping and Service Quality: A Tenuous Relationship|last=Lynn|first=Michael|date=2001|website=[[Cornell University]]|access-date=June 4, 2018}}</ref>

Beginning in late 2022, concurrent with a global inflation surge, Americans have started to openly debate the nature of tipping. This is in part because many fast service restaurants have started adding a "tip screen" to the credit card process, asking a customer to tip before any service is actually provided or where the service provided is the minimum required to provide the goods purchased with no other interaction or service. The phenomenon, known as [[tipflation]], has caused lower gratuities to be added by customers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dickler |first=Jessica |title=Amid persistent inflation, cash-strapped consumers are tipping less |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/25/amid-persistent-inflation-cash-strapped-consumers-are-tipping-less.html |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=CNBC |date=25 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

===== Service charges =====
Service charges are mandatory payments, typically added by caterers and banqueters. A service charge is not to be confused with a tip or gratuity which is optional and at the discretion of the customer. Restaurants commonly add it to checks for large parties.<ref name="RB">{{cite magazine |magazine=Restaurant Business |year=1988 |volume=87 |page=18}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=August 2022}} Some bars have decided to include service charge as well, for example in Manhattan, New York.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2010/11/01/high-end-manhattan-bars-institute-mandatory-tipping/| title = High-End Manhattan Bars Institute Mandatory Tipping
 | date = November 2010
 | publisher = CBS New York |access-date = 2011-06-02}}</ref> Disclosure of service charge is required by law in some places, such as in State of Florida<ref>Florida statute 509.214</ref> A standard predetermined percent, often ~18%, is sometimes labeled as a "service charge".<ref name="usatoday.com"/>

=====Taxation=====
[[File:USMC-111102-M-HA146-002.jpg|thumb|220px|Hair stylists are among the service workers who are often tipped for their service in the United States.]]
Tips are considered income. The entire tip amount is treated as earned wages with the exception of months in which tip income was under $20.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p3148.pdf|title=Publication 3148, A Guide to Tip Income Reporting for Employees Who Receive Tip Income|publisher=Internal Revenue|access-date=2012-09-27}}</ref> Unlike wages where payroll tax (Social Security and Medicare tax) are split between employee and employer, the employee pays 100% of payroll tax on tip income and tips are excluded from worker's compensation premiums in most states.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irs.gov/taxtopics/tc761|title=Topic No. 761 Tips – Withholding and Reporting &#124; Internal Revenue Service|website=www.irs.gov}}</ref> This discourages no-tip policies because employers would pay 7.65% additional payroll taxes and up to 9% worker's compensation premiums on higher wages in lieu of tips.

Research finds that consistent tax evasion by waitstaff due to fraudulent declaration is a concern in the US. According to the [[Internal Revenue Service|IRS]], between 40% and 50% of tips to waiters are not reported for taxation.<ref>''IRS Bulletin No. 2002–47'', November 25, 2002, presents some examples of tipping discrepancies that led to some investigations.</ref> Employers are responsible for Federal Unemployment Insurance premiums on tips paid directly from customers to employees, and this encourages employers to collaborate in under reporting tips.

=====Employee taxation responsibilities=====
The IRS states that employees making income from tips have three main responsibilities.

# Keep a daily tip record.<ref name=":43">{{Cite web|title=Tip Recordkeeping and Reporting {{!}} Internal Revenue Service|url=https://www.irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/tip-recordkeeping-and-reporting|access-date=2020-12-19|website=www.irs.gov|language=en}}</ref>
# Report tips to the employer, unless less than $20.<ref name=":43"/>
# Report all tips on an individual income tax return.<ref name=":43"/>

Tips should be reported to employers by the 10th of the month after the tips were received unless the 10th ends up landing on a weekend day or a legal holiday. In that case the tips should be reported on the next available day that is not a weekend or a legal holiday. If the employee does not report the tips earned to their employer the employer will not be liable for the employer share of social security and Medicare taxes on the unreported tips. Employers will also not be liable for withholding and paying the employee's share of social security and Medicare taxes.

=====Employer taxation responsibilities=====
Employers that hire employees that make tips for their income have 5 main responsibilities with the IRS.

# Retain employee tip reports.<ref name=":43"/>
# Withhold employee income taxes.<ref name=":43"/>
# Withhold employee share of social security and Medicare taxes.<ref name=":43"/>
# Report this information to the IRS.<ref name=":43"/>
# Pay the employer share of social security and Medicare taxes based on the reported tip income.<ref name=":43"/>
Employers should distinguish between service charges and tipped income and file and report the two separately. An employer operating a large food or beverage establishment will need to file a specific Form 8027 for each establishment they operate. A business that is recognized as a large food or beverage establishment must fall into all four categories shown below:<ref name=":43"/>

# The food or beverage operation must be based in one of the 50 states in the United States or the District of Columbia.<ref name=":43" />
# Food and beverage is served for consumption on the premises. This does not include fast food operations.<ref name=":43" />
# Customers tipping employees at the food or beverage operation must be a common practice.<ref name=":43" />
# In the last year the operation employed over 10 employees on a typical business day regularly.<ref name=":43" />

=====US federal employees=====
The US Government recognizes tips as allowable expenses for federal employee travel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/104208#11|title=Frequently Asked Questions, Per Diem|website=www.gsa.gov}}</ref>  However, US law prohibits federal employees from receiving tips<!-- 2635.102(h) --> under Standards of Ethical Conduct.  Asking for, accepting or agreeing to take anything of value that influences the performance of an official act is not allowed.<!--  18 U.S.C. 201(b),--> <ref name="5CFR2635" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.justice.gov/jmd/ethics/generalf.htm |title=USDOJ: JMD: Departmental Ethics Office: Regulations, Authorities & Reference Materials: Do It Right |publisher=Justice.gov |date=1993-01-20 |access-date=2014-01-22 |archive-date=2014-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114203755/http://www.justice.gov/jmd/ethics/generalf.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>  A 2011 rule issued by the US Department of Labor which prohibited employers from tip pooling employees who were paid at least the federal minimum wage and who don't "customarily and regularly" receive tips was repealed in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.laboremploymentlawblog.com/2018/04/articles/fair-labor-standards-act-flsa/tip-pooling/|title=New Tip Pooling Guidelines For Employers - Labor & Employment Law Blog|date=10 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrn.com/operations/understanding-tip-income-protection-act-2018|title=Understanding the Tip Income Protection Act of 2018|date=24 April 2018}}</ref>  Instead, workers will have more rights to sue their employers for stolen tips, with assistance from the US Department of Labor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrn.com/workforce/tip-protection-rider-added-budget-bill|title=Tip protection rider added to budget bill|date=22 March 2018}}</ref>

=====Ride sharing=====
In the past ride sharing companies in the US were against the implementation of a tipping system.  Uber wanted to prioritize quick transactions through their app and believed a tipping system would lead to an inconvenient experience for users.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Hawkins|first=Andrew J.|date=2019-10-21|title=Nearly two-thirds of Uber customers don't tip their drivers, study says|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/10/21/20925109/uber-tipping-riders-drivers-percentage-gender-nber-study|access-date=2020-11-30|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref>  In 2017 Uber started its "180 days of change" to improve relations with its drivers.  Part of the PR campaign included adding a tipping option to the app.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hawkins|first=Andrew J.|date=2017-06-20|title=Uber finally caves and adds a tipping option to its app|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/20/15840818/uber-tipping-option-app-seattle-minneapolis-houston|access-date=2020-11-30|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref>  The data shows that given the option to tip, close to 60% of Uber users never tip their drivers and only 1% will consistently tip their drivers.<ref name=":0" />  Only 16% of rides will result in the driver being tipped and the average tip amount in 2019 was $3.11.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Fottrell|first=Quentin|title=This analysis of 40 million Uber rides reveals exactly how much people tip — and whether men or women are more generous|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/this-analysis-of-40-million-uber-rides-reveals-whether-men-or-women-are-the-most-generous-tippers-2019-10-24|access-date=2020-11-30|website=MarketWatch|language=en-US}}</ref>

===== Discrimination =====
A study from 2005 showed that average tips varied depending on the race of New Haven cab drivers.  The average tip for white cab drivers was 20.3%, while black cab drivers received 12.6%, and cab drivers of other races received 12.4%.<ref name=":12"/>  Both the study with cab drivers and another study about a southern restaurant showed that both white and black customers tipped black workers less on average than their white counterparts.<ref name=":12"/>