Editing Early Islamic philosophy (section)

===Philosophical novels===
The Islamic philosophers, [[Ibn Tufail]] (Abubacer)<ref name=Jon>Jon Mcginnis, ''Classical Arabic Philosophy: An Anthology of Sources'', p. 284, [[Hackett Publishing Company]], {{ISBN|0-87220-871-0}}.</ref> and [[Ibn al-Nafis]],<ref name=Meyerhof>Muhsin Mahdi (1974), "''The Theologus Autodidactus of Ibn at-Nafis'' by Max Meyerhof, Joseph Schacht", ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' '''94''' (2), p. 232-234.</ref> were pioneers of the [[philosophical novel]]. Ibn Tufail wrote the first fictional [[Arabic literature|Arabic novel]] ''[[Hayy ibn Yaqdhan]]'' (''Philosophus Autodidactus'') as a response to [[al-Ghazali]]'s ''[[The Incoherence of the Philosophers]]'', and then Ibn al-Nafis also wrote a fictional [[novel]] ''[[Ibn al-Nafis#Theologus Autodidactus|Theologus Autodidactus]]'' as a response to Ibn Tufail's ''Philosophus Autodidactus''. Both of these novels had [[protagonist]]s (Hayy in ''Philosophus Autodidactus'' and Kamil in ''Theologus Autodidactus'') who were [[Autodidacticism|autodidactic]] individuals [[Abiogenesis|spontaneously generated]] in a cave and living in seclusion on a desert island, both being the earliest examples of a desert island story. However, while Hayy lives alone on the desert island for most of the story in ''Philosophus Autodidactus'', the story of Kamil extends beyond the desert island setting in ''Theologus Autodidactus'', developing into the first example of a [[science fiction]] novel.<ref name="Ibn al-Nafis As a Philosopher"/><ref>Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (died 1288)", p. 95-101, ''Electronic Theses and Dissertations'', [[University of Notre Dame]].[http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404020329/http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615/|date=2015-04-04}}</ref>

Ibn al-Nafis described his book ''Theologus Autodidactus'' as a defense of "the system of Islam and the Muslims' doctrines on the missions of Prophets, the religious laws, the resurrection of the body, and the transitoriness of the world." He presents rational arguments for bodily [[resurrection]] and the [[immortality]] of the human soul, using both demonstrative [[reasoning]] and material from the hadith corpus to prove his case. Later Islamic scholars viewed this work as a response to the [[Metaphysics|metaphysical]] claim of Avicenna and Ibn Tufail that bodily resurrection cannot be proven through reason, a view that was earlier criticized by al-Ghazali.<ref>Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)", p. 42 & 60, ''Electronic Theses and Dissertations'', [[University of Notre Dame]].[http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404020329/http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615/|date=2015-04-04}}</ref>

A Latin translation of ''Philosophus Autodidactus'' was published in 1671, prepared by [[Edward Pococke]] the Younger.<ref>G. J. Toomer (1996), ''Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England'', pp. 220-221, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-820291-1}}.</ref> The first English translation by [[Simon Ockley]] was published in 1708, and [[German language|German]] and [[Dutch language|Dutch]] translations were also published at the time. ''Philosophus Autodidactus'' went on to have a significant influence on [[European literature]],<ref name=Wainwright>Martin Wainwright, [http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,12084,918454,00.html Desert island scripts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724144426/http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,12084,918454,00.html |date=2008-07-24 }}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 22 March 2003.</ref> and became an influential best-seller throughout Western Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries.<ref name="Russell-228">G. A. Russell (1994), ''The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England'', p. 228, [[Brill Publishers]], {{ISBN|90-04-09459-8}}.</ref> These translations later inspired [[Daniel Defoe]] to write ''[[Robinson Crusoe]]'', which also featured a desert island narrative and was regarded as the [[first novel in English]].<ref name=Wainwright/><ref>Nawal Muhammad Hassan (1980), ''Hayy bin Yaqzan and Robinson Crusoe: A study of an early Arabic impact on English literature'', Al-Rashid House for Publication.</ref><ref>Cyril Glasse (2001), ''New [[Encyclopedia of Islam]]'', p. 202, Rowman Altamira, {{ISBN|0-7591-0190-6}}.</ref><ref name=Amber>Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", ''Journal of Religion and Health'' '''43''' (4): 357-377 [369].</ref>

''Philosophus Autodidactus'' also had a "profound influence" on [[Modern philosophy|modern]] [[Western philosophy]].<ref name="Toomer-218">G. J. Toomer (1996), ''Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England'', p. 218, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-820291-1}}.</ref> It became "one of the most important books that heralded the [[Scientific Revolution]]" and [[Age of Enlightenment|European Enlightenment]], and the thoughts expressed in the novel can be found in "different variations and to different degrees in the books of [[Thomas Hobbes]], [[John Locke]], [[Isaac Newton]], and [[Immanuel Kant]]."<ref>[[Samar Attar]], ''The Vital Roots of European Enlightenment: Ibn Tufayl's Influence on Modern Western Thought'', Lexington Books, {{ISBN|0-7391-1989-3}}.</ref> The novel inspired the concept of "[[tabula rasa]]" developed in ''[[An Essay Concerning Human Understanding]]'' (1690) by Locke, who was a student of Pococke.<ref>G. A. Russell (1994), ''The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England'', pp. 224-239, [[Brill Publishers]], {{ISBN|90-04-09459-8}}.</ref><ref>G. J. Toomer (1996), ''Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England'', p. 221-222, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-820291-1}}.</ref> ''Philosophus Autodidactus'' also developed the themes of [[empiricism]], [[tabula rasa]], [[nature versus nurture]],<ref name="Russell"/> [[condition of possibility]], [[materialism]],<ref>Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I. Conrad (1996), ''The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān'', pp. 38-46, [[Brill Publishers]], {{ISBN|90-04-09300-1}}.</ref> and [[Molyneux's Problem]].<ref>Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik [[Ibn Tufayl]] and Léon Gauthier (1981), ''Risalat Hayy ibn Yaqzan'', p. 5, Editions de la Méditerranée.[http://limitedinc.blogspot.com/2007/04/things-about-arabick-influence-on-john.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303182741/http://limitedinc.blogspot.com/2007/04/things-about-arabick-influence-on-john.html|date=2021-03-03}}</ref> The novel also inspired [[Robert Boyle]], another acquaintance of Pococke, to write his own philosophical novel set on an island, ''The Aspiring Naturalist''.<ref name="Toomer-222">G. J. Toomer (1996), ''Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England'', p. 222, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-820291-1}}.</ref> Other European scholars influenced by ''Philosophus Autodidactus'' include [[Gottfried Leibniz]],<ref name=Wainwright/> [[Melchisédech Thévenot]], [[John Wallis]], [[Christiaan Huygens]],<ref>G. A. Russell (1994), ''The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England'', p. 227, [[Brill Publishers]], {{ISBN|90-04-09459-8}}.</ref> [[George Keith (missionary)|George Keith]], [[Robert Barclay]], the [[Religious Society of Friends|Quakers]],<ref>G. A. Russell (1994), ''The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England'', p. 247, [[Brill Publishers]], {{ISBN|90-04-09459-8}}.</ref> and [[Samuel Hartlib]].<ref name="Toomer-222"/>