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==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="Agurell1968">{{cite journal | vauthors = Agurell S, Nilsson JL | title = Biosynthesis of psilocybin. II. Incorporation of labelled tryptamine derivatives | journal = Acta Chemica Scandinavica | volume = 22 | issue = 4 | pages = 1210–1218 | year = 1968 | pmid = 5750023 | doi = 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.22-1210 | doi-access = free }}</ref> <ref name="Akers2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Akers BP, Ruiz JF, Piper A, Ruck CA |year=2011 |title=A prehistoric mural in Spain depicting neurotropic ''Psilocybe'' mushrooms? |journal=Economic Botany |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=121–128 |doi=10.1007/s12231-011-9152-5 |s2cid=3955222}}</ref> <ref name="Albers2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Albers C, Köhler H, Lehr M, Brinkmann B, Beike J | title = Development of a psilocin immunoassay for serum and blood samples | journal = International Journal of Legal Medicine | volume = 118 | issue = 6 | pages = 326–331 | date = December 2004 | pmid = 15526212 | doi = 10.1007/s00414-004-0469-9 | s2cid = 11249439 }}</ref> <ref name="Amsterdam2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = van Amsterdam J, Opperhuizen A, Koeter M, van den Brink W | title = Ranking the harm of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs for the individual and the population | journal = European Addiction Research | volume = 16 | issue = 4 | pages = 202–207 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20606445 | doi = 10.1159/000317249 | s2cid = 207669364 }}</ref> <ref name="Amsterdam2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = van Amsterdam J, Opperhuizen A, van den Brink W | title = Harm potential of magic mushroom use: a review | journal = Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology | volume = 59 | issue = 3 | pages = 423–429 | date = April 2011 | pmid = 21256914 | doi = 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.01.006 | url = http://dl.dropbox.com/u/85192141/2011-amsterdam.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150109054531/http://dl.dropbox.com/u/85192141/2011-amsterdam.pdf | archive-date = January 9, 2015 }}</ref> <ref name="Anastos2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Anastos N, Barnett NW, Pfeffer FM, Lewis SW | title = Investigation into the temporal stability of aqueous standard solutions of psilocin and psilocybin using high performance liquid chromatography | journal = Science & Justice | volume = 46 | issue = 2 | pages = 91–96 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17002211 | doi = 10.1016/S1355-0306(06)71579-9 }}</ref> <ref name="Attema2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Attema-de Jonge ME, Portier CB, Franssen EJ | title = [Automutilation after consumption of hallucinogenic mushrooms] | language = nl | journal = Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde | volume = 151 | issue = 52 | pages = 2869–2872 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 18257429 | trans-title = Automutilation after consumption of hallucinogenic mushrooms }}</ref> <ref name="Azmitia2010">{{Cite book |title=Handbook of the Behavioral Neurobiology of Serotonin |vauthors=Azmitia EC |publisher=Academic Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-12-374634-4 |veditors=Müller CP, Jacobs BL |location=London, UK |page=7 |chapter=Evolution of serotonin: sunlight to suicide |access-date=February 27, 2016 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aomaKqIE1jUC&pg=PA7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404000052/https://books.google.com/books?id=aomaKqIE1jUC&pg=PA7 |archive-date=April 4, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="Berge1999">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Berge JT |year=1999 |title=Breakdown or breakthrough? A history of European research into drugs and creativity |journal=Journal of Creative Behavior |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=257–276 |doi=10.1002/j.2162-6057.1999.tb01406.x |issn=0022-0175}}</ref> <ref name="Bigwood1982">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bigwood J, Beug MW | title = Variation of psilocybin and psilocin levels with repeated flushes (harvests) of mature sporocarps of Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer | journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pages = 287–291 | date = May 1982 | pmid = 7201054 | doi = 10.1016/0378-8741(82)90014-9 }}</ref> <ref name="Bone2011">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Br3PU2PJhywC&pg=PA258 |title=Mycophilia: Revelations from the Weird World of Mushrooms |vauthors=Bone E |publisher=Rodale |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-60529-407-0 |location=New York, New York |pages=257–258 |access-date=February 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404054348/https://books.google.com/books?id=Br3PU2PJhywC&pg=PA258 |archive-date=April 4, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="Bresinsky1989">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIcQGsZ2kksC&pg=PA113 |title=A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Fungi: A Handbook for Pharmacists, Doctors, and Biologists |vauthors=Bresinsky A, Besl H |publisher=Manson Publishing |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-7234-1576-3 |location=London, UK |page=113 |access-date=February 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404052509/https://books.google.com/books?id=EIcQGsZ2kksC&pg=PA113 |archive-date=April 4, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="CarhartHarris2010">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Carhart-Harris RL, Nutt DJ |author2-link=David Nutt|year=2010 |title=User perceptions of the benefits and harms of hallucinogenic drug use: a web-based questionnaire study |journal=Journal of Substance Abuse |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=283–300 |doi=10.3109/14659890903271624 |s2cid=56427651}}</ref> <ref name="Carter2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Carter OL, Burr DC, Pettigrew JD, Wallis GM, Hasler F, Vollenweider FX | title = Using psilocybin to investigate the relationship between attention, working memory, and the serotonin 1A and 2A receptors | journal = Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience | volume = 17 | issue = 10 | pages = 1497–1508 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16269092 | doi = 10.1162/089892905774597191 | url = http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/121457/1/089892905774597191.pdf | url-status = live | access-date = August 16, 2019 | s2cid = 9790150 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190816023012/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/121457/1/089892905774597191.pdf | archive-date = August 16, 2019 }}</ref> <ref name="Chen2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen CY, Storr CL, Anthony JC | title = Early-onset drug use and risk for drug dependence problems | journal = Addictive Behaviors | volume = 34 | issue = 3 | pages = 319–322 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19022584 | pmc = 2677076 | doi = 10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.10.021 }}</ref> <ref name="Cole2003">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/analysisofcontro0000cole/page/132 |title=The Analysis of Controlled Substances |vauthors=Cole MD |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-471-49252-8 |location=New York, Chichester |pages=[https://archive.org/details/analysisofcontro0000cole/page/132 132–133]}}</ref> <ref name=Compasspathways2018>{{Cite web |title=COMPASS Pathways Receives FDA Breakthrough Therapy Designation for Psilocybin Therapy for Treatment-resistant Depression |url=https://compasspathways.com/compass-pathways-receives-fda-breakthrough-therapy-designation-for-psilocybin-therapy-for-treatment-resistant-depression/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204005741/https://compasspathways.com/compass-pathways-receives-fda-breakthrough-therapy-designation-for-psilocybin-therapy-for-treatment-resistant-depression/ |archive-date=December 4, 2018 |access-date=2018-12-03 |publisher=Compass Pathways}}</ref> <ref name="Coull2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Coull JT, Cheng RK, Meck WH | title = Neuroanatomical and neurochemical substrates of timing | journal = Neuropsychopharmacology | volume = 36 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–25 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 20668434 | pmc = 3055517 | doi = 10.1038/npp.2010.113 }}</ref> <ref name=DeVos2021>{{cite journal | vauthors = de Vos CM, Mason NL, Kuypers KP | title = Psychedelics and Neuroplasticity: A Systematic Review Unraveling the Biological Underpinnings of Psychedelics | journal = Frontiers in Psychiatry | volume = 12 | pages = 724606 | date = 2021 | pmid = 34566723 | pmc = 8461007 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.724606 | doi-access = free }}</ref> <ref name=DosSantos2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dos Santos RG, Osório FL, Crippa JA, Riba J, Zuardi AW, Hallak JE | title = Antidepressive, anxiolytic, and antiaddictive effects of ayahuasca, psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD): a systematic review of clinical trials published in the last 25 years | journal = Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 193–213 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27354908 | pmc = 4910400 | doi = 10.1177/2045125316638008 }}</ref> <ref name="EMCDDA">{{Cite report |url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_31215_EN_TP_Hallucinogenic_mushrooms.pdf |title=Hallucinogenic Mushrooms: An Emerging Trend Case Study |publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA) |location=Lisbon, Portugal |isbn=92-9168-249-7 |access-date=September 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329044308/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_31215_EN_TP_Hallucinogenic_mushroom.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2012 |vauthors=Hillebrand J, Olszewski D, Sedefov R |year=2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="EMDCCA2011">{{Cite report |url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_143743_EN_EMCDDA_AR2011_EN.pdf |title=Annual report 2011: the state of the drugs problem in Europe |date=November 2011 |publisher=[[Publications Office of the European Union]] |doi=10.2810/44330 |location=Luxembourg |isbn=978-92-9168-470-0 |access-date=December 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203224745/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_143743_EN_EMCDDA_AR2011_EN.pdf |archive-date=December 3, 2011 |vauthors=((European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction)) |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="Fish2006">{{Cite book |title=Drugs and Society: U.S. Public Policy |vauthors=Gable RS |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7425-4245-7 |veditors=Fish JM |location=Lanham, Maryland |pages=149–162; Table 7.1 "Safety Ratio and Dependence Potential of Psychoactive Drugs" |chapter=Acute toxicity of drugs versus regulatory status |chapter-url=http://web.cgu.edu/faculty/gabler/drug_toxicity.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107021458/http://web.cgu.edu/faculty/gabler/drug_toxicity.htm |archive-date=January 7, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=Fricke2017>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fricke J, Blei F, Hoffmeister D | title = Enzymatic Synthesis of Psilocybin | journal = Angewandte Chemie | volume = 56 | issue = 40 | pages = 12352–12355 | date = September 2017 | pmid = 28763571 | doi = 10.1002/anie.201705489 }}</ref> <ref name="Gable2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gable RS | title = Comparison of acute lethal toxicity of commonly abused psychoactive substances | journal = Addiction | volume = 99 | issue = 6 | pages = 686–696 | date = June 2004 | pmid = 15139867 | doi = 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00744.x | url = http://web.cgu.edu/faculty/gabler/toxicity%20Addiction%20offprint.pdf | url-status = live | access-date = November 16, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060810063302/http://web.cgu.edu/faculty/gabler/toxicity%20Addiction%20offprint.pdf | archive-date = August 10, 2006 }}</ref> <ref name="Gartz1992">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gartz J |year=1992 |title=New aspects of the occurrence, chemistry and cultivation of European hallucinogenic mushrooms |journal=Supplemento Agli Annali dei Musei Civici di Rovereto Sezione Archeologica, Storia e Scienze Naturali |volume=8 |pages=107–124}}</ref> <ref name="Gartz1996">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gartz J, Samorini G, Festi F |year=1996 |title=On the presumed French case of fatality caused by ingestion of Liberty Caps |url=http://www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it/pubblicazioni.jsp?ID_LINK=111251&area=3 |url-status=dead |journal=Eluesis |volume=6 |pages=40–41 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405121903/http://www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it/pubblicazioni.jsp?ID_LINK=111251&area=3 |archive-date=April 5, 2012}}</ref> <ref name="Gerault1996">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gérault A, Picart D |year=1996 |title=Intoxication mortelle à la suite de la consommation volontaire et en groupe de champignons hallucinogènes |trans-title=Fatal poisoning after a group of people voluntarily consumed hallucinogenic mushrooms |journal=Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France |language=fr |volume=112 |pages=1–14}}</ref> <ref name="Geyer1998">{{cite journal | vauthors = Geyer MA | title = Behavioral studies of hallucinogenic drugs in animals: implications for schizophrenia research | journal = Pharmacopsychiatry | volume = 31 | issue = S2 | pages = 73–79 | date = July 1998 | pmid = 9754837 | doi = 10.1055/s-2007-979350 | s2cid = 24647325 }}</ref> <ref name="Geyer2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Geyer MA, Vollenweider FX | title = Serotonin research: contributions to understanding psychoses | journal = Trends in Pharmacological Sciences | volume = 29 | issue = 9 | pages = 445–453 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 19086254 | doi = 10.1016/j.tips.2008.06.006 }}</ref> <ref name=Goel2022>{{cite journal | vauthors = Goel DB, Zilate S | title = Potential Therapeutic Effects of Psilocybin: A Systematic Review | journal = Cureus | volume = 14 | issue = 10 | pages = e30214 | date = October 2022 | pmid = 36381758 | pmc = 9650681 | doi = 10.7759/cureus.30214 | doi-access = free }}</ref> <ref name="Grieshaber2001">{{cite journal | vauthors = Grieshaber AF, Moore KA, Levine B | title = The detection of psilocin in human urine | journal = Journal of Forensic Sciences | volume = 46 | issue = 3 | pages = 627–630 | date = May 2001 | pmid = 11373000 | doi = 10.1520/JFS15014J }}</ref> <ref name="Griffiths2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Griffiths RR, Richards WA, McCann U, Jesse R | title = Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance | journal = Psychopharmacology | volume = 187 | issue = 3 | pages = 268–283 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16826400 | doi = 10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5 | url = http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/bin/s/m/GriffithsPsilocybin.pdf | url-status = dead | s2cid = 7845214 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111109030153/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/bin/s/m/GriffithsPsilocybin.pdf | archive-date = November 9, 2011 }}</ref> <ref name="Griffiths2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Griffiths R, Richards W, Johnson M, McCann U, Jesse R | title = Mystical-type experiences occasioned by psilocybin mediate the attribution of personal meaning and spiritual significance 14 months later | journal = Journal of Psychopharmacology | volume = 22 | issue = 6 | pages = 621–632 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18593735 | pmc = 3050654 | doi = 10.1177/0269881108094300 | url = http://www.csp.org/psilocybin/Hopkins-CSP-Psilocybin2008.pdf | url-status = dead | access-date = July 3, 2008 | df = mdy-all | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080722205309/http://www.csp.org/psilocybin/Hopkins-CSP-Psilocybin2008.pdf | archive-date = July 22, 2008 }}</ref><ref name="Griffiths2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Griffiths RR, Grob CS |year=2010 |title=Hallucinogens as medicine |url=http://www.csp.org/psilocybin/SciAmHallucinogens201012.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Scientific American |volume=303 |issue=6 |pages=77–79 |bibcode=2010SciAm.303f..76G |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1210-76 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003152701/http://csp.org/psilocybin/SciAmHallucinogens201012.pdf |archive-date=October 3, 2011 |access-date=July 25, 2011 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> <ref name="Gross2000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gross ST | title = Detecting psychoactive drugs in the developmental stages of mushrooms | journal = Journal of Forensic Sciences | volume = 45 | issue = 3 | pages = 527–537 | date = May 2000 | pmid = 10855955 | doi = 10.1520/JFS14725J | url = http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8dab/e1804d761d975ef16e28c2c994476d9122aa.pdf | url-status = dead | s2cid = 38006957 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201116074539/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8dab/e1804d761d975ef16e28c2c994476d9122aa.pdf | archive-date = 2020-11-16 }}</ref> <ref name="Guzman1983">{{Cite book |title=The Genus ''Psilocybe'': A Systematic Revision of the Known Species Including the History, Distribution, and Chemistry of the Hallucinogenic Species |vauthors=Guzmán G |publisher=J. Cramer |year=1983 |isbn=978-3-7682-5474-8 |series=Beihefte Zur Nova Hedwigia. Heft 74 |location=Vaduz, Liechtenstein |pages=361–362}}</ref> <ref name="Guzman2000">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guzmán G, Allen JW, Gartz J |year=2000 |title=A worldwide geographical distribution of the neurotropic fungi, an analysis and discussion |url=http://www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it/UploadDocs/104_art09-Guzman%20&%20C.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Annali del Museo Civico di Rovereto: Sezione Archeologia, Storia, Scienze Naturali |volume=14 |pages=189–280 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205032100/http://www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it/UploadDocs/104_art09-Guzman%20%26%20C.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2018 |access-date=October 19, 2021}}</ref> <ref name="Guzman2005">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guzmán G |year=2005 |title=Species diversity of the genus ''Psilocybe'' (Basidiomycotina, Agaricales, Strophariaceae) in the world mycobiota, with special attention to hallucinogenic properties |journal=International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms |volume=7 |issue=1–2 |pages=305–331 |doi=10.1615/intjmedmushr.v7.i12.280}}</ref> <ref name="Guzman2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guzmán G |year=2008 |title=Hallucinogenic mushrooms in Mexico: an overview |journal=Economic Botany |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=404–412 |doi=10.1007/s12231-008-9033-8 |bibcode=2008EcBot..62..404G |s2cid=22085876}}</ref> <ref name="Harrington1999">{{cite journal | vauthors = Harrington DL, Haaland KY | title = Neural underpinnings of temporal processing: a review of focal lesion, pharmacological, and functional imaging research | journal = Reviews in the Neurosciences | volume = 10 | issue = 2 | pages = 91–116 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10658954 | doi = 10.1515/REVNEURO.1999.10.2.91 | s2cid = 25960626 | url = https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0498n8nb }}</ref> <ref name="Heim1957">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Heim R |year=1957 |title=Notes préliminaires sur les agarics hallucinogènes du Mexique |trans-title=Preliminary notes on the hallucination-producing agarics of Mexico |journal=Revue de Mycologie |language=fr |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=58–79}}</ref> <ref name=Hofmann2009>{{Cite book|vauthors=Hofmann A|author-link=Albert Hofmann|title=LSD, my problem child: reflections on sacred drugs, mysticism, and science|publisher=Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies|location=Santa Cruz, California|year=2009|isbn=978-0979862229|url=https://archive.org/details/lsdmyproblemchil0000hofm_h2h0/mode/2up}}</ref> <ref name="Hood1975">{{cite journal | vauthors = Arici M, Altun B, Araz M, Atmaca A, Demir T, Ecder T, Guz G, Gogas Yavuz D, Yildiz A, Yilmaz T | title = The significance of finerenone as a novel therapeutic option in diabetic kidney disease: a scoping review with emphasis on cardiorenal outcomes of the finerenone phase 3 trials | journal = Frontiers in Medicine | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 1384454 | year = 1975 | pmid = 38947237 | doi = 10.2307/1384454 | s2cid = 147200008 | jstor = 1384454 | pmc = 11214281 }}</ref> <ref name="HSDB">{{Cite web |title=Psilocybine |url=http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+520-52-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813210637/https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+520-52-5 |archive-date=August 13, 2018 |access-date=November 21, 2011 |website=[[Hazardous Substances Data Bank]] |publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine}}</ref> <ref name="Hyde1978">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hyde C, Glancy G, Omerod P, Hall D, Taylor GS | title = Abuse of indigenous psilocybin mushrooms: a new fashion and some psychiatric complications | journal = The British Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 132 | issue = 6 | pages = 602–604 | date = June 1978 | pmid = 566144 | doi = 10.1192/bjp.132.6.602 | s2cid = 20020560 }}</ref> <ref name="James1997">{{Cite book |title=The Varieties of Religious Experience |title-link=The Varieties of Religious Experience |vauthors=James W |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=1997 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