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===Polarization increase=== {{main|Political polarization in the United States}} Since the 1970s, the United States has grown more polarized, with rapid increases in polarization during the 2000s onward.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grumbach|first=Jacob M.|date=2018|title=From Backwaters to Major Policymakers: Policy Polarization in the States, 1970β2014|journal=Perspectives on Politics|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=416β435|doi=10.1017/S153759271700425X|issn=1537-5927|doi-access=free}}</ref> As a general rule, urban areas and suburbs have become more "blue", Democratic or liberal, while agricultural rural areas have become more "red", Republican or conservative. Since many states have no large or extensive urban areas the result is that there are many "red" states in the south and Midwest, while coastal states which contain extensive urbanized areas tend to be "blue." Rural areas with a recreational focus such as ski resorts are an exception to the general rule.<ref name="CF11722">{{cite web |author1=Jacob R. Brown |author2=Ryan D. Enos |author3=Enrico Cantoni |author4=Vincent Pons |author5=Emilie Sartre |title=The Increase in Partisan Segregation in the United States |date=January 17, 2022 |url=http://congress-files.s3.amazonaws.com/2022-07/Brown_Cantoni_Enos_Pons_Sartre%2520%25282022%2529_0.pdf |access-date=January 26, 2023 |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125100305/http://congress-files.s3.amazonaws.com/2022-07/Brown_Cantoni_Enos_Pons_Sartre%2520%25282022%2529_0.pdf }}</ref><ref name="NYT12523">{{cite news |author1=Thomas B. Edsall |author1-link=Thomas B. Edsall |title=The Resentment Fueling the Republican Party Is Not Coming From the Suburbs |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/25/opinion/rural-voters-republican-realignment.html |access-date=January 26, 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=January 25, 2023 |format=opinion}}</ref> The polarization has been both more ideological (differences between the policy positions) and affective (i.e. a dislike and distrust of opposing political groups), than comparable democracies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Boxell|first1=Levi|last2=Gentzkow|first2=Matthew|last3=Shapiro|first3=Jesse M.|date=2022|title=Cross-Country Trends in Affective Polarization|journal=The Review of Economics and Statistics|volume=106 |issue=2 |pages=557β565|doi=10.1162/rest_a_01160|s2cid=246583807|issn=0034-6535|url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w26669.pdf }}</ref><ref name=Draca/> Polarization among U.S. legislators is asymmetric, as it has primarily been driven by a substantial rightward shift among congressional [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]], alongside a much smaller leftward shift among congressional [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]].<ref name=":132">{{Citation|last1=Hacker|first1=Jacob S.|title=Confronting Asymmetric Polarization|date=2015|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/solutions-to-political-polarization-in-america/confronting-asymmetric-polarization/3966003B2517E22BF288796AC4985F34|work=Solutions to Political Polarization in America|pages=59β70|editor-last=Persily|editor-first=Nathaniel|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-45191-9|access-date=2021-02-04|last2=Pierson|first2=Paul}}</ref><ref name=":122">{{Cite journal|last1=Bonica|first1=Adam|last2=Sen|first2=Maya|date=2021|title=Estimating Judicial Ideology|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|language=en|volume=35|issue=1|pages=97β118|doi=10.1257/jep.35.1.97|issn=0895-3309|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":142">{{Cite book|last1=Benkler|first1=Yochai|url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780190923624.001.0001/oso-9780190923624-chapter-10|title=Polarization in American Politics|last2=Faris|first2=Robert|last3=Roberts|first3=Hal|date=2018-10-18|publisher=Oxford University Press|volume=1|language=en|doi=10.1093/oso/9780190923624.003.0010|isbn=978-0-19-092362-4}}</ref> [[New Democrats (United States)|New Democrats]] advocated for [[neoliberalism|neoliberal]] policies including financial [[deregulation]] and [[free trade]], which is seen to have shifted the Democratic Party rightward on economic issues.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hickel|first1=Jason|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Handbook-of-Neoliberalism/Springer-Birch-MacLeavy/p/book/9781138844001|title=The Handbook of Neoliberalism|date=2016|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1138844001|editor1-last=Springer|editor1-first=Simon|page=144|chapter=Neoliberalism and the End of Democracy|author-link1=Jason Hickel|editor2-last=Birch|editor2-first=Kean|editor3-last=MacLeavy|editor3-first=Julie|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M5qkDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA142}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Marangos |first1=John |last2=Astroulakis |first2=Nikos |last3=Dafnomili |first3=Maria |editor1-last=Karagiannis|editor1-first=Nikolaos|editor2-last=Madjd-Sadjadi|editor2-first=Zagros |editor3-last=Sen|editor3-first=Swapan |date=2013 |title=The US Economy and Neoliberalism: Alternative Strategies and Policies |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aYKfai1RlPYC&pg=PA58|chapter=Beyond US Neoliberalism and the Washington Consensus: The Challenge of Development Ethics for the USA |location= |publisher=Routledge |page=58 |isbn=978-1138904910}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Scheidel |first=Walter |author-link =Walter Scheidel |title =The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century |publisher=Princeton University Press |year =2017 |isbn =978-0691165028|page=416|url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/10921.html}}</ref> Since the early 2010s, the party has shifted significantly to the left on social, cultural, and religious issues.<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |last1=Zengerle |first1=Jason |last2=Metz |first2=Justin |date=2022-06-29 |title=The Vanishing Moderate Democrat |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/29/magazine/moderate-democrat.html |access-date=2022-07-20 |issn=0362-4331 |quote=Over the last decade, the Democratic Party has moved significantly to the left on almost every salient political issue... on social, cultural and religious issues, particularly those related to criminal justice, race, abortion and gender identity, the Democrats have taken up ideological stances that many of the college-educated voters who now make up a sizable portion of the party's base cheer...}}</ref> According to the [[Pew Research Center]], members of both parties who have unfavorable opinions of the opposing party have doubled since 1994,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Doherty |first=Carroll |date=2014-06-17 |title=Which party is more to blame for political polarization? It depends on the measure |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/17/which-party-is-more-to-blame-for-political-polarization-it-depends-on-the-measure/ |access-date=2022-08-14 |publisher=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> while those who have very unfavorable opinions of the opposing party are at record highs as of 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 17, 2022 |title=How Democrats and Republicans see each other |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2022/08/17/how-democrats-and-republicans-see-each-other |access-date=2022-08-18 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>
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