Editing Organized crime (section)

===Criminal psychology===
{{main|Criminal psychology}}Criminal psychology is defined as the study of the intentions, behaviors, and actions of a criminal or someone who allows themselves to participate in criminal behavior. The goal is to understand what is going on in the criminal's head and explain why they are doing what they are doing. This varies depending on whether the person is facing the punishment for what they did, are roaming free, or if they are punishing themselves. Criminal psychologists get called to court to explain the inside the mind of the criminal.<ref>[https://www.apa.org/monitor/2014/02/criminal-mindThe criminal mind] Retrieved 6 October  2023</ref><ref>[https://www.simplypsychology.org/biological-theories-crime.html#:~:text=Genetic%20studies%20are%20limited%20because,development%2C%20resulting%20in%20abnormal%20behavior. Psychology » CriminologyBiological Theories Of Crime] Retrieved 6 October  2023</ref>

====Rational choice====
{{main|Rational choice theory (criminology)}}
This theory treats all individuals as rational operators, committing criminal acts after consideration of all associated risks (detection and punishment) compared with the rewards of crimes (personal, financial etc.).<ref>{{cite book |last=Piquero & Tibbetts|title=Rational choice and criminal behavior: recent research and future challenges|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajoAGhrfxDAC&q=rational+choice+theory+%22organised+crime%22|isbn=9780815336785}}</ref>  Little emphasis is placed on the offenders' emotional state. The role of criminal organizations in lowering the perceptions of risk and increasing the likelihood of personal benefit is prioritized by this approach, with the organizations structure, purpose, and activity being indicative of the rational choices made by criminals and their organizers.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lyman & Potter|title=Organized Crime|date=2007|publisher=Pearson|url=http://wps.pearsoncustom.com/wps/media/objects/6904/7070214/CRJ455_Ch02.pdf}}</ref>

====Deterrence====
{{main|Deterrence (psychology)}}
This theory sees criminal behavior as reflective of an individual, internal calculation<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Nagin | first1 = D. S. | last2 = Pogarsky | first2 = G. | doi = 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00943.x | title = Integrating Celerity, Impulsivity, and Extralegal Sanction Threats into a Model of General Deterrence: Theory and Evidence* | journal = Criminology | volume = 39 | issue = 4 | pages = 865–892 | year = 2001 }}</ref> by the criminal that the benefits associated with offending (whether financial or otherwise) outweigh the perceived risks.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tullock|title=DOES PUNISHMENT DETER CRIME?|journal=Public Interest|date=1974|volume=36|url=http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/abstract.aspx?ID=49871|id={{NCJ|49871 }}|access-date=2011-06-07|archive-date=2019-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622185254/https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/abstract.aspx?ID=49871|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Decker & Kohfeld|journal=Criminology|date=1985|volume=23|issue=3|doi=10.1111/j.1745-9125.1985.tb00349.x|pages=437–450|title=Crimes, Crime Rates, Arrests, and Arrest Ratios: Implications for Deterrence Theory}}</ref>  The perceived strength, importance or infallibility of the criminal organization is directly proportional to the types of crime committed, their intensity and arguably the level of community response. The benefits of participating in organized crime (higher financial rewards, greater socioeconomic control and influence, protection of the family or significant others, perceived freedoms from 'oppressive' laws or norms) contribute greatly to the psychology behind highly organized group offending.

====Social learning====
{{Main|Social learning theory}}
Criminals learn through associations with one another. The success of organized crime groups is therefore dependent upon the strength of their communication and the enforcement of their value systems, the recruitment and training processes employed to sustain, build or fill gaps in criminal operations.<ref name="Akers 1973">{{cite book|last=Akers|title=DEVIANT BEHAVIOR - A SOCIAL LEARNING APPROACH|date=1973|url=http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/Abstract.aspx?id=27692|id={{NCJ|27692 }}|access-date=2011-06-07|archive-date=2019-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611120706/https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/Abstract.aspx?id=27692|url-status=dead}}</ref> An understanding of this theory sees close associations between criminals, imitation of superiors, and understanding of value systems, processes and authority as the main drivers behind organized crime. Interpersonal relationships define the motivations the individual develops, with the effect of family or peer criminal activity being a strong predictor of inter-generational offending.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Akers|first=R|title=Self-control as a general theory of crime|journal=Journal of Quantitative Criminology|date=1991|volume=7|issue=2|doi=10.1007/BF01268629|pages=201–211|s2cid=144549679}}</ref>  This theory also developed to include the strengths and weaknesses of reinforcement, which in the context of continuing criminal enterprises may be used to help understand propensities for certain crimes or victims, level of integration into the mainstream culture and likelihood of recidivism / success in rehabilitation.<ref name="Akers 1973"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Akers|first=R|title=Social Learning and Deviant Behavior: A Specific Test of a General Theory|journal=American Sociological Review|date=1979|volume=44|issue=4|jstor=2094592|doi=10.2307/2094592|pmid=389120|pages=636–55}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Akers|first=R|title=Social learning and social structure: a general theory of crime and deviance|date=2009|publisher=Transaction Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjBDZ-T0WMgC&q=social+learning+theory+organised+crime|isbn=9781412815765}}</ref>

====Enterprise====
{{main|Enterprise theory (crime)}}
Under this theory, organized crime exists because legitimate markets leave many customers and potential customers unsatisfied.<ref name="Smith1978">{{cite journal |last1=SMITH |first1=D. C. Jr |title=Organized Crime and Entrepreneurship |journal=International Journal of Criminology and Penology |date=1978 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=161–178 |url=http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/abstract.aspx?ID=49083 |id={{NCJ|49083}} |access-date=2011-06-07 |archive-date=2019-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620121145/https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/abstract.aspx?ID=49083 |url-status=dead }}</ref> High demand for a particular good or service (e.g., drugs, prostitution, arms, slaves), low levels of risk detection and high profits lead to a conducive environment for entrepreneurial criminal groups to enter the market and profit by supplying those goods and services.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Smith | first1 = Dwight C. |title=Paragons, Pariahs, and Pirates: A Spectrum-Based Theory of Enterprise |  journal = Crime and Delinquency |date= 1980 | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 358–386 | doi = 10.1177/001112878002600306 | issn = 0011-1287 |s2cid=145501061}}</ref>  For success, there must be:
* an identified market; and,
* a certain rate of consumption (demand) to maintain profit and outweigh perceived risks.<ref name="Albanese2008">{{cite journal|last=Albanese|title=Risk Assessment in Organized Crime Developing a Market and Product-Based Model to Determine Threat Levels|journal=Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice|date=2008 |volume=24 |issue=3 |doi=10.1177/1043986208318225 |issn = 1043-9862 |s2cid= 146793104}}</ref><ref name="Albanese2000">{{cite journal|last=Albanese|first=J|title=The Causes of Organized Crime: Do Criminals Organize Around Opportunities for Crime or Do Criminal Opportunities Create New Offenders?|journal=Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice|date=2000|volume=16|issue=4|pages=409–423|doi=10.1177/1043986200016004004 | issn = 1043-9862 |s2cid=143793499}}</ref>

Under these conditions competition is discouraged, ensuring criminal monopolies sustain profits. Legal substitution of goods or services may (by increasing competition) force the dynamic of organized criminal operations to adjust, as will deterrence measures (reducing demand), and the restriction of resources (controlling the ability to supply or produce to supply).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Smith|title=Wickersham to Sutherland to Katzenbach: Evolving an "official" definition for organized crime|journal=Crime, Law and Social Change|date=1991|volume=16|issue=2|pages=135–154|doi=10.1007/BF00227546|s2cid=149631389}}</ref>

====Differential association====
{{main|Differential association}}
Sutherland goes further to say that deviancy is contingent on conflicting groups within society, and that such groups struggle over the means to define what is criminal or deviant within society. Criminal organizations therefore gravitate around illegal avenues of production, profit-making, protectionism or social control and attempt (by increasing their operations or membership) to make these acceptable.<ref name="Akers 1973"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Greek |first=C |title=Differential Association Theory |url=http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/sutherland.html |publisher=Florida State University |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303220253/http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/sutherland.html |archive-date=March 3, 2011 |access-date=June 7, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Braithwaite|title=Criminological theory and organizational crime|journal=Justice Quarterly|date=1989|volume=6|issue=3|doi=10.1080/07418828900090251|pages=333–358}}</ref> This also explains the propensity of criminal organizations to develop [[protection racket]]s, to coerce through the use of violence, aggression and threatening behavior (at times termed '[[terrorism]]').<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = COLVIN | first1 = MARK | last2 = CULLEN | first2 = FRANCIS T. | last3 = VANDER VEN | first3 = THOMAS |journal=Criminology |date=2002 |volume=40 |issue=1 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-9125.2002.tb00948.x |pages=19–42 |title= Coercion, Social Support, and Crime: An Emerging Theoretical Consensus | issn = 0011-1384 |id= {{NCJ|194567 }} }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Matsueda|title=Testing Control Theory and Differential Association: A Causal Modeling Approach|journal=American Sociological Review|date=1982|volume=47|issue=4|pages=489–504|jstor=2095194|doi=10.2307/2095194}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Matsueda|title=The Current State of Differential Association Theory|journal=Crime and Delinquency|date=1988|volume=34|issue=3|pages=277–306|doi=10.1177/0011128788034003005|s2cid=146347188}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Matsueda & Heimer|title=Race, Family Structure, and Delinquency: A Test of Differential Association and Social Control Theories|journal=American Sociological Review|date=1987|volume=52|issue=6|pages=826–840|jstor=2095837|doi=10.2307/2095837}}</ref> Preoccupation with methods of accumulating profit highlight the lack of legitimate means to achieve economic or social advantage, as does the organization of [[white-collar crime]] or [[political corruption]] (though it is debatable whether these are based on wealth, power or both). The ability to effect social norms and practices through political and economic influence (and the enforcement or normalization of criminogenic needs) may be defined by differential association theory.