Editing Neoliberalism (section)

=== Global health ===
{{update section|date=July 2023}}
{{see also|Structural adjustment#Criticisms}}
The neoliberal approach to global health advocates [[privatization]] of the [[healthcare industry]] and [[deregulation|reduced government interference]] in the market, and focuses on [[non-governmental organization]]s (NGOs) and international organizations like the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) and the [[World Bank]] rather than government.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=James |date=September 17, 2016 |title='Blind Spot: How Neoliberalism Infiltrated Global Health' Book Review |url=https://academic.oup.com/jpubhealth/article-pdf/38/3/624/8518513/fdv082.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030193428/https://academic.oup.com/jpubhealth/article-pdf/38/3/624/8518513/fdv082.pdf |archive-date=2018-10-30 |url-status=live |journal=[[Journal of Public Health]] |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=624 |doi=10.1093/pubmed/fdv082 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Coburn |first1=David |title=Neoliberalism and Health |journal=The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Health, Illness, Behavior, and Society |date=2014 |pages=1678–1683 |doi=10.1002/9781118410868.wbehibs149 |isbn=9781118410868}}</ref> This approach has faced considerable criticism, such as the [[TRIPS Agreement]] hampering access to essential medicines in the [[Global South]] (i.e. during the [[AIDS]] and [[COVID-19]] pandemics).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Baru |first1=Rama |last2=Mohan |first2=Malu |date=October 9, 2018 |title=Globalisation and neoliberalism as structural drivers of health inequities |journal=[[Health Research Policy and Systems]] |volume=16 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=91 |doi=10.1186/s12961-018-0365-2 |pmid=30301457 |pmc=6178247 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Rowden-2009">{{Cite book |title=The Deadly Ideas of Neoliberalism: How the IMF has Undermined Public Health and the Fight Against AIDS |last=Rowden |first=Rick |publisher=[[Zed Books]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1848132856|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Blind Spot: How Neoliberalism Infiltrated Global Health |last=Keshavjee |first=Salmaan |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=9780520282841}}</ref>

James Pfeiffer, Professor of Global Health at the [[University of Washington]], has criticised the use of [[Structural adjustment|Structural Adjustment Programs]] (SAPs) by the World Bank and IMF in [[Mozambique]], which resulted in reduced government health spending, leading international NGOs to fill service holes previously filled by government.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pfeiffer |first1=J. |year=2003 |title=International NGOs and primary health care in Mozambique: the need for a new model of collaboration |journal=[[Social Science & Medicine]] |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=725–38 |doi=10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00068-0 |pmid=12560007}}</ref> Rick Rowden, a Senior Economist at Global Financial Integrity, has criticised the IMF's [[monetarism|monetarist]] approach of prioritising [[price stability]] and fiscal restraint, which he alleges was unnecessarily restrictive and prevented developing countries from scaling up long-term [[investment]] in public health infrastructure.<ref name="Rowden-2009" />

Within the developed capitalist world, according to Dylan Sullivan and [[Jason Hickel]], neoliberal countries like the United States have inferior health outcomes and more poverty compared to [[Social democracy|social democracies]] with universalist [[welfare states]], in particular the [[Nordic model|Nordics]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sullivan |first1=Dylan |last2=Hickel |first2=Jason |author2-link=Jason Hickel |date=2023 |title=Capitalism and extreme poverty: A global analysis of real wages, human height, and mortality since the long 16th century |url= |journal=[[World Development (journal)|World Development]] |volume=161 |issue= |page=106026 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106026 |s2cid=252315733 |access-date= |doi-access=free}}</ref> Some commentators have blamed neoliberalism for various social ills,<ref name="Berdayes">{{cite book |editor1-last=Berdayes |editor1-first=Vicente |editor2-last=Murphy |editor2-first=John W. |date=2016 |title=Neoliberalism, Economic Radicalism, and the Normalization of Violence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G64vCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |publisher=Springer |page=2 |isbn=978-3-319-25169-1 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Collins |first1=Victoria E. |last2=Rothe |first2=Dawn L. |date=2019 |title=The Violence of Neoliberalism: Crime, Harm and Inequality |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=us2gDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT11 |page=11 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781138584778 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> including [[mass shootings]],<ref name="Berdayes"/><ref>{{cite news |last=McIntyre |first=Niamh |date=April 16, 2015 |title=This Theorist Believes That Capitalism Creates Mass Murderers by Causing People to 'Malfunction' |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/berardi-interview/|work=Vice |access-date=August 11, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Wolff |first1=Richard D. |author1-link=Richard D. Wolff |last2=Fraad |first2=Harriet |author2-link=Harriet Fraad |date=November 8, 2017 |title=American hyper-capitalism breeds the lonely, alienated men who become mass killers |work=[[Salon (magazine)|Salon]] |url=https://www.salon.com/2017/11/08/american-hyper-capitalism-breeds-the-lonely-alienated-men-who-become-mass-killers_partner/ |access-date=August 11, 2019}}</ref> increased [[Homelessness in the United States|homelessness]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Mitchell|first=Don |author-link=Don Mitchell (geographer)|date=2020 |title=Mean Streets: Homelessness, Public Space, and the Limits of Capital|url=https://ugapress.org/book/9780820356907/mean-streets/|location= |publisher=[[University of Georgia Press]]|page=62 |isbn=9-780-8203-5690-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last = Berdayes |editor1-first = Vicente |editor2-last = Murphy |editor2-first = John W. |date = 2016 |title = Neoliberalism, Economic Radicalism, and the Normalization of Violence |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=G64vCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 |publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |page = 27 |isbn = 978-3-319-25169-1 |access-date = October 23, 2020 |archive-date = February 22, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230222152237/https://books.google.com/books?id=G64vCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 |url-status = live }}</ref> and [[deaths of despair]] in the United States,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zeira |first=Anna |date=2022 |title=Mental Health Challenges Related to Neoliberal Capitalism in the United States |journal=[[Community Mental Health Journal]] |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=205–212 |pmid=34032963 |pmc=8145185 |doi=10.1007/s10597-021-00840-7}}</ref> sense of [[Social isolation|social disconnection]], [[competition]], and [[loneliness]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Becker |first1=Julia C. |last2=Hartwich |first2=Lea |last3=Haslam |first3=S. Alexander |title=Neoliberalism can reduce well-being by promoting a sense of social disconnection, competition, and loneliness |journal=[[British Journal of Social Psychology]] |date=2021 |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=947–965 |doi=10.1111/bjso.12438 |doi-access=free|pmid=33416201 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Card |first1=Kiffer G. |last2=Hepburn |first2=Kirk J. |title=Is Neoliberalism Killing Us? A Cross Sectional Study of the Impact of Neoliberal Beliefs on Health and Social Wellbeing in the Midst of the COVID-19 Pandemic |journal=International Journal of Social Determinants of Health and Health Services |date=2023 |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=363–373 |doi=10.1177/00207314221134040 |pmid=36278290 |doi-access=free |pmc=9605858}}</ref>