Editing Mercenary (section)

====Egypt====
By 1807, [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali the Great]], the Albanian tobacco merchant turned ''de facto'' independent Ottoman ''vali'' (governor) of Egypt had imported about 400 French mercenaries to train his army.<ref name="Dunn">{{cite book |last1=Dunn |first1=John |title=Khedive Ismail's Army |date=2005 |publisher=Psychology Press |location=London |isbn=0714657042 |page=7}}</ref> After the end of the Napoleonic wars, Muhammad Ali recruited more mercenaries from all over Europe and the United States to train his army, through French and Italian veterans of the Napoleonic wars were much preferred and formed the largest two groups of mercenaries in Egypt.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dunn |first1=John |title=Khedive Ismail's Army |date=2005 |publisher=Psychology Press |location=London |isbn=0714657042 |page=8}}</ref> The most famous of Muhammad Ali's mercenaries was the Frenchman [[Soliman Pasha al-Faransawi|Joseph-Anthelme Sève]] who set up the first staff school in Egypt and served as the chief of staff to [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt|Ibrahim Pasha]], the son of the ''vali'' and his favorite general.<ref name="khedive910">{{cite book |last1=Dunn |first1=John |title=Khedive Ismail's Army |date=2005 |publisher=Psychology Press |location=London |isbn=0714657042 |pages=9–10}}</ref> By the 1820s, Muhammad Ali's mercenaries had created a mass conscript army trained to fight in the Western style together with schools for training Egyptian officers and factories for manufacturing Western style weapons as the ''vali'' did not wish to be dependent upon imported arms.<ref name="khedive910" />

Muhammad Ali's grandson, [[Isma'il Pasha|Ismail the Magnificent]], who ruled as the Khedive of Egypt between 1863 and 79 recruited mercenaries on large scale. After Napoleon III made an unfavorable arbitration ruling in 1869 about the share of royalties from the newly opened Suez canal, which cost Ismail 3, 000, 000 Egyptian pounds per year, Ismail came to distrust his French mercenaries, and began to look elsewhere.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dunn |first1=John |title=Khedive Ismail's Army |date=2005 |publisher=Psychology Press |location=London |isbn=0714657042 |page=53}}</ref> A number of Italian mercenaries such as Romolo Gessi, Gaetamo Casati, Andreanni Somani, and Giacomo Messedaglia played prominent roles in the Egyptian campaigns in the Sudan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dunn |first1=John |title=Khedive Ismail's Army |date=2005 |publisher=Psychology Press |location=London |isbn=0714657042 |page=534}}</ref> Ismail also recruited British mercenaries such as Samuel Baker and the Swiss mercenaries such as Werner Munzinger.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dunn |first1=John |title=Khedive Ismail's Army |date=2005 |publisher=Psychology Press |location=London |isbn=0714657042 |pages=54–55}}</ref> After 1869, Ismail recruited 48 American mercenaries to command his army.<ref name="auto6">{{cite book |last1=Dunn |first1=John |title=Khedive Ismail's Army |date=2005 |publisher=Psychology Press |location=London |isbn=0714657042 |pages=55–56}}</ref> General [[Charles Pomeroy Stone]], formerly of the United States Army, served as the chief of the Egyptian general staff between 1870 and 1883.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dunn |first1=John |title=Khedive Ismail's Army |date=2005 |publisher=Psychology Press |location=London |isbn=0714657042 |page=57}}</ref> Ismail's Americans went to Egypt largely because of the high pay he offered, through several were Confederate veterans who were barred from serving in post-1865 United States Army; the fact that the Americans in Egyptian service had fought on opposing sides in the Civil War was a source of recurring tension as the antagonism between North and South continued in Egypt.<ref name="auto6" />