Editing Hate crime (section)

=====Victims in the United States=====
One of the largest waves of hate crimes in the [[history of the United States]] took place during the [[civil rights movement]] in the 1950s and 1960s. Violence and threats of violence were common against [[African Americans]], and hundreds of people died due to such acts. Members of this [[ethnic group]] faced violence from [[Hate groups|groups]] such as the [[Ku Klux Klan]], as well as violence from individuals who were committed to maintaining [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Segregation in America |url=https://eji.org/reports/segregation-in-america/ |website=Equal Justice Initiative |access-date=26 May 2020 |date=2018}}</ref> At the time, civil rights leaders such as [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] and their supporters fought hard for the right of African Americans to vote, as well as for equality in their everyday lives. African Americans have been the target of hate crimes since the [[American Civil War|Civil War]],<ref name="americansperspective.com">{{cite news|url=http://americansperspective.com/10-of-the-worst-hate-crimes-and-violence-in-domestic-american-history/|title=10 Of The Worst Hate Crimes and Violence in Domestic American History|date=22 June 2015|newspaper=americansperspective.com|access-date=2 December 2016|archive-date=2 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202101516/http://americansperspective.com/10-of-the-worst-hate-crimes-and-violence-in-domestic-american-history/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the humiliation of this ethnic group was also desired by many anti-black individuals. Other frequently reported bias motivations were bias against a religion, bias against a particular sexual orientation, and bias against a particular ethnicity or national origin.<ref name="fbi 2010">{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2010/narratives/hate-crime-2010-victims |publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]|title=Hate Crime Statistics, 2010|access-date=16 March 2012}}</ref> At times, these bias motivations overlapped, because violence can be both anti-gay and anti-black, for example.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Meyer|first=Doug|title=Evaluating the Severity of Hate-motivated Violence: Intersectional Differences among LGBT Hate Crime Victims|journal=Sociology|year=2010|volume=44|issue=5|pages=980–95|doi=10.1177/0038038510375737|s2cid=145147987}}</ref> There are many terms that victims of hate crimes have been subjected to over the years, especially when it comes to minority groups. The African American population is just one of many groups that have been degraded by society. For example, "coon," "sambo," "pickaninny," "jigaboo," "buck," and "mammy" are all slurs and derogatory terms that have been used throughout history against African Americans. These are all examples of ethnophaulisms, which are racial slurs and terms that are used during or motivate hate crimes against African Americans.

Analysts have compared groups in terms of the per capita rate of hate crimes committed against them to allow for differing populations. Overall, the total number of hate crimes committed since the first hate crime bill was passed in 1997 is 86,582.<ref name="The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act">{{cite journal|last1=Shepard|first1=Mathew|last2=Byrd|first2=James Jr.|title=Hate Crimes Law|journal=Human Rights Campaign|date=2011–2014|url=http://www.hrc.org/resources/entry/hate-crimes-law}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable" border="1"
|+ Hate crimes in the US (2008–2012) by victim population group
|-
! rowspan=2 |Population group
! rowspan=2 |Estimated population
! colspan=2 |Hate crimes against (2008–2012)<ref name="FBI Hate Crimes 2008">[http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2008/data/table_04.html FBI Hate Crimes 2008]. Retrieved 17 May 2014</ref><ref name="FBI Hate Crimes 2009">[http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2009/data/table_04.html FBI Hate Crimes 2009]. Retrieved 17 May 2014</ref><ref name="FBI Hate Crimes 2010">[https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2010/tables/table-4-offenses-offense-type-by-bias-motivation-2010.xls FBI Hate Crimes 2010]. Retrieved 17 May 2014</ref><ref name="FBI Hate Crimes 2011">[https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2011/tables/table-4 FBI Hate Crimes 2011]. Retrieved 17 May 2014</ref><ref name="FBI Hate Crimes 2012">[https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2012/tables-and-data-declarations/4tabledatadecpdf/table_4_offenses_offense_type_by_bias_motivation_2012.xls FBI Hate Crimes 2012]. Retrieved 17 May 2014</ref>
! colspan=2 | Violent hate crimes against<ref>Violent hate crimes include: homicide, robbery, aggravated assault, simple assault and sexual assault/rape.</ref>
|-
! Total
! Rate (per 100,000 people)
! Total
! Rate (per 100,000 people)
|-
|[[Jewish American|Jewish]]
|5,248,674<ref name="Religious Profile Gallup"/>
|4,457
|84.9
|411
|7.8
|-
|[[LGBT]]
|11,343,000<ref name="LGBT Stats">[https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/adult-lgbt-pop-us/ Adult LGBT Population in the United States] Retrieved March 2019</ref>
|7,231
|66.9
|3,849
|35.6
|-
|[[Muslim Americans|Muslim]]
|1,852,473<ref name="Religious Profile Gallup">[http://www.gallup.com/poll/159548/identify-christian.aspx In US, 77% Identify as Christian]. Retrieved 17 May 2014</ref>
|761
|41.1
|258
|13.9
|-
|[[Black American|Black]]
|38,929,319<ref name="American Fact Finder">[https://www.census.gov U.S. Census website]. Retrieved 17 May 2014</ref>
|13,411
|34.4
|4,356
|11.2
|-
|[[Native Americans in the United States|Aboriginal]]
|2,932,248<ref name="American Fact Finder"/>
|364
|12.4
|161
|5.5
|-
|[[Hispanic]]
|50,477,594<ref name="American Fact Finder"/>
|3,064
|6.1
|1,482
|2.9
|-
|[[Asian American|Asian]] and [[Pacific Islander American|Pacific Islander]]
|15,214,265<ref name="American Fact Finder"/>
|798
|5.2
|276
|1.8
|-
|[[White American|White]]
|223,553,265<ref name="American Fact Finder"/>
|3,459
|1.5
|1,614
|0.7
|-
|[[Catholic]]
|67,924,018<ref name="PewForumReligion2007to2012">[http://www.pewforum.org/2012/10/09/nones-on-the-rise/ "Nones" on the Rise], Retrieved 17 May 2014</ref>
|338
|0.5
|32
|0.0
|-
|[[Atheist]] and [[agnostic]]
|17,598,496<ref name="PewForumReligion2007to2012"/>
|47
|0.3
|5
|0.0
|-
|[[Protestant]]
|148,197,858<ref name="PewForumReligion2007to2012"/>
|229
|0.2
|17
|0.0
|}

Among the groups which are mentioned in the [[Hate Crime Statistics Act|Hate Crimes Statistics Act]], the largest number of hate crimes are committed against African Americans.<ref name="Reports and Curricula">{{Cite news|url=http://www.civilrights.org/publications/reports/cause_for_concern/p8.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/|title=Reports and Curricula|newspaper=The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights|access-date=2 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202170025/http://www.civilrights.org/publications/reports/cause_for_concern/p8.html?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F|archive-date=2 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the Civil Rights Movement, some of the most notorious hate crimes included the 1968 [[assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.]], the 1964 murders of Charles Moore and Henry Dee, the 1963 [[16th Street Baptist Church bombing]], the 1955 murder of [[Emmett Till]],<ref name="americansperspective.com"/> and the burning of crosses, churches, [[Judaism|Jewish]] [[synagogue]]s, and other places of worship of minority religions. Such acts began to take place more frequently after the [[racial integration]] of many schools and public facilities.<ref name="Reports and Curricula"/>

Since then, hate crimes targeting Jews have risen sharply, as in 2023, Antisemitic hate crimes increased by 63% to an all time high of 1,832 incidents in the United States.<ref name="autogenerated1622">{{Cite web |author=ToI Staff |title=Antisemitic hate crimes in US surged 63% in 2023, to all-time high of 1,832 – FBI |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/antisemitic-hate-crimes-in-us-surged-63-in-2023-to-all-time-high-of-1832-fbi/ |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Furthermore, Jews comprise roughly 2% of the American population, but represent 68% of all religion-based hate crimes in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title=Community Relations Service {{!}} 2023 FBI Hate Crimes Statistics |url=https://www.justice.gov/crs/news/2023-hate-crime-statistics |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=www.justice.gov |language=en}}</ref>

High-profile murders targeting victims based on their sexual orientation have prompted the passage of hate crimes legislation, notably the cases of [[Sean W. Kennedy]] and [[Matthew Shepard]]. Kennedy's murder was mentioned by Senator [[Gordon Smith (politician)|Gordon Smith]] in a speech on the floor of the U.S. Senate while he advocated such legislation. The [[Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act]] was signed into law in 2009. It included sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, disably status, and military personnel and their family members.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Matthew Shepard And James Byrd, Jr., Hate Crimes Prevention Act Of 2009 {{!}} CRT |publisher=Department of Justice|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/matthew-shepard-and-james-byrd-jr-hate-crimes-prevention-act-2009-0|access-date=29 March 2017|date=6 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/hate-crime-laws|title=Hate Crime Laws|date=July 7, 2016|publisher=Department of Justice}}</ref> This is the first all-inclusive bill ever passed in the United States, taking 45 years to complete.{{clarify|reason="all-inclusive" how/45 years how?|date=June 2013}}

Gender-based crimes may also be considered hate crimes. This view would designate [[rape]] and [[domestic violence]], as well as non-interpersonal violence against women such as the [[École Polytechnique massacre]] in [[Quebec]], as hate crimes.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YdCbgXjr-EC&pg=PA405 |chapter=Hate Crime Statutes: A Promising Tool for Fighting Violence Against Women |first=Marguerite |last=Angelari |title=Pornography, Sex Work, and Hate Speech |editor=Karen J. Maschke |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1997|isbn=9780815325208 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DiBIZcx1nPcC&pg=PA58 |title=Hate Crimes: Causes, Controls, and Controversies |first=Phyllis B. |last=Gerstenfeld |year=2013 |publisher=Sage|isbn=9781452256627 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZNnXj_SbOsC&pg=PA271 |title=Hate and Bias Crime: A Reader |editor=Barbara Perry |year=2003 |publisher=Psychology Press |first=Beverly |last=McPhail |chapter=Gender-Bias Hate Crimes: A Review|isbn=9780415944076 }}</ref>

Following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the United States experienced a spike in overall hate crimes against Muslim individuals. In the year before, only 28 events had been recorded of hate crimes against Muslims; in 2001, this number jumped to 481. While the number decreased in the following years, the number of Muslim hate crimes remains higher than pre-2001.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kuek Ser|first=Kuang Keng|title=Data: Hate Crimes Against Muslims Increased after 9/11|date=8 September 2016 |url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2016-09-12/data-hate-crimes-against-muslims-increased-after-911|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913031133/http://www.pri.org/stories/2016-09-12/data-hate-crimes-against-muslims-increased-after-911|archive-date=September 13, 2016|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2021}}</ref> After the beginning of the [[Gaza war]] on October 7th, 2023, hate crimes began to increase once again due to the United States allyship with Israel. Palestinian-Americans became a target for hate crimes and were blamed for the conflict leading to violence, including in the case of the [[Murder of Wadea al-Fayoume]], a 6-year-old Palestinian-American boy killed by a white man who was motivated by anti-Muslim extremism.

In May 2018, ''[[ProPublica]]'' reviewed police reports for 58 cases of purported anti-heterosexual hate crimes. ''ProPublica'' found that about half of the cases were anti-LGBT hate crimes that had been miscategorized, and that the rest were motivated by hate towards Jews, blacks or women or that there was no element of a hate crime at all. ''ProPublica'' did not find any cases of hate crimes spurred by anti-heterosexual bias.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.propublica.org/article/police-are-mislabeling-crimes-as-anti-heterosexual-hate-crimes|title=Police Are Mislabeling Anti-LGBTQ and Other Crimes as Anti-Heterosexual|date=15 May 2018|website=ProPublica|first1=Rachel|last1=Glickhouse|first2=Rahima|last2=Nasa|access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref>

Hate crimes against Asian Americans have deep roots in U.S. history and are often fueled by harmful stereotypes like the “Yellow Peril” and the “Model Minority” myth. The “Yellow Peril” stereotype paints Asians as a threat to Western society, and it's been used to justify exclusion, discrimination, and violence for more than a century. The “Model Minority” myth, on the other hand, portrays Asian Americans as quiet, hardworking, and universally successful, ignoring the real struggles many face and driving a wedge between them and other communities of color. Both stereotypes resurfaced in dangerous ways during the COVID-19 pandemic, when Asian Americans were unfairly blamed for the virus. As a result, hate crimes spiked across the country. Many people were verbally harassed, spat on, or physically attacked, especially elderly individuals in public spaces. Asian-owned businesses were vandalized, and people reported being targeted just for speaking their native language or wearing a mask. These acts weren’t random, they were shaped by long-standing biases that became more visible during a time of fear and uncertainty.

====== Anti-trans hate crime ======

In 2017, shortly after President [[Donald Trump]] took office, hate crimes against [[transgender]] individuals increased.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump's Timeline of Hate |url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/trumps-timeline-of-hate |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=HRC |language=en-US}}</ref> In June 2020, after the death of several African Americans at the hands of police officers – in particular, [[George Floyd]] – triggered protests around the world as part of the [[Black Lives Matter]] movement,<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Buchanan|first1=Larry|last2=Bui|first2=Quoctrung|last3=Patel|first3=Jugal K.|date=2020-07-03|title=Black Lives Matter May Be the Largest Movement in U.S. History|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/03/us/george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html|access-date=2021-05-01|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> hate crimes against the black trans community began to increase.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Paz|first1=Isabella Grullón|last2=Astor|first2=Maggie|date=2020-06-27|title=Black Trans Women Seek More Space in the Movement They Helped Start|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/27/us/politics/black-trans-lives-matter.html|access-date=2021-05-01|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>