Editing Geographic information system (section)

==Societal implications==
{{Main|Neogeography|Public participation GIS}}
With the popularization of GIS in decision making, scholars have begun to scrutinize the social and political implications of GIS.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haque|first=Akhlaque|date=1 May 2001|title=GIS, Public Service, and the Issue of Democratic Governance|journal=Public Administration Review|language=en|volume=61|issue=3|pages=259–265|doi=10.1111/0033-3352.00028|issn=1540-6210}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haque |first= Akhlaque|date=2003|title=Information technology, GIS and democraticvalues: Ethical implications for IT professionals in public service|journal=Ethics and Information Technology|doi=10.1023/A:1024986003350|volume=5|pages=39–48|s2cid= 44035634}}</ref><ref name="activities" /> GIS can also be misused to distort reality for individual and political gain.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Monmonier|first=Mark|date=2005|title=Lying with Maps|jstor=20061176|journal=Statistical Science|doi=10.1214/088342305000000241|volume=20|issue=3|pages=215–222|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=How to Lie with Maps|last= Monmonier |first=Mark|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0226534213|location=Chicago, Illinois}}</ref> It has been argued that the production, distribution, utilization, and representation of geographic information are largely related with the social context and has the potential to increase citizen trust in government.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Surveillance, Transparency and Democracy: Public Administration in the Information Age |last= Haque|first=Akhlaque|publisher=University of Alabama Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0817318772|location=Tuscaloosa, AL|pages=70–73}}</ref> Other related topics include discussion on [[copyright]], [[privacy]], and [[censorship]]. A more optimistic social approach to GIS&nbsp;adoption is to use it as a tool for public participation.

===In education===
{{see also|Esri Education User Conference}}
At the end of the 20th century, GIS began to be recognized as tools that could be used in the classroom.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Sinton |editor1-first=Diana Stuart |editor2-last=Lund |editor2-first=Jennifer J. |date=2007 |title=Understanding place: GIS and mapping across the curriculum |location= Redlands, CA |publisher=[[ESRI Press]] |isbn=9781589481497 |oclc=70866933}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Milson |editor1-first=Andrew J. |editor2-last=Demirci |editor2-first=Ali |editor3-last=Kerski |editor3-first=Joseph J. |date=2012 |title=International perspectives on teaching and learning with GIS in secondary schools |location=Dordrecht; New York |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |isbn=9789400721197 |oclc=733249695 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-2120-3 |url= http://dergipark.gov.tr/rigeo/issue/11187/133647 |type=Submitted manuscript }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Solari |editor1-first=Osvaldo Muñiz |editor2-last=Demirci |editor2-first=Ali |editor3-last=Schee |editor3-first=Joop van der |date=2015 |title=Geospatial technologies and geography education in a changing world: geospatial practices and lessons learned |location=Tōkyō; New York |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |isbn=9784431555186 |oclc=900306594 |doi=10.1007/978-4-431-55519-3|series=Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences |s2cid=130174652 }}</ref> The benefits of GIS in education seem focused on developing [[spatial cognition]], but there is not enough bibliography or statistical data to show the concrete scope of the use of GIS in education around the world, although the expansion has been faster in those countries where the curriculum mentions them.<ref name="Nieto">{{cite thesis |type=Ph.D. thesis |last1=Nieto Barbero |first1=Gustavo |title=Análisis de la práctica educativa con SIG en la enseñanza de la Geografía de la educación secundaria: un estudio de caso en Baden-Württemberg, Alemania |date=2016 |publisher=[[University of Barcelona]] |location=Barcelona |hdl=10803/400097 }}</ref>{{rp|36}}

GIS seems to provide many advantages in teaching [[geography]] because it allows for analysis based on real geographic data and also helps raise research questions from teachers and students in the classroom. It also contributes to improvement in learning by developing spatial and geographical thinking and, in many cases, student motivation.<ref name="Nieto"/>{{rp|38}}

Courses in GIS are also offered by educational institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Certificate Now Offered to USD Undergraduate Students - University of San Diego |url=https://www.sandiego.edu/news/detail.php?_focus=90416 |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=www.sandiego.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Minor in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) {{!}} University of New England in Maine |url=https://www.une.edu/cas/schools/marine-environment/minors/minor-geographic-information-systems-gis |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=www.une.edu |language=en}}</ref>

===In local government===
GIS is proven as an organization-wide, enterprise and enduring technology that continues to change how local government operates.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.crcpress.com/Strategic-GIS-Planning-and-Management-in-Local-Government/Holdstock/p/book/9781466556508|title=Strategic GIS Planning and Management in Local Government|website=CRC Press|language=en|access-date=25 October 2017}}</ref> Government agencies have adopted GIS technology as a method to better manage the following areas of government organization:
* Economic development departments use interactive GIS mapping tools, aggregated with other data (demographics, labor force, business, industry, talent) along with a database of available commercial sites and buildings in order to attract investment and support existing business. Businesses making location decisions can use the tools to choose communities and sites that best match their criteria for success.
* Public safety<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://safecitygis.com/|title=Home - SafeCity|website=SafeCity|language=en-US|access-date=25 October 2017}}</ref> operations such as emergency operations centers, fire prevention, police and sheriff mobile technology and dispatch, and mapping weather risks.
* Parks and recreation departments and their functions in asset inventory, land conservation, land management, and cemetery management
* Public works and utilities, tracking water and stormwater drainage, electrical assets, engineering projects, and public transportation assets and trends
* Fiber network management for interdepartmental network assets
* School analytical and demographic data, asset management, and improvement/expansion planning
* Public administration for election data, property records, and zoning/management

The [[open data]] initiative is pushing local government to take advantage of technology such as GIS technology, as it encompasses the requirements to fit the open data/[[open government]] model of transparency.<ref name=":0" /> With open data, local government organizations can implement citizen engagement applications and online portals, allowing citizens to see land information, report potholes and signage issues, view and sort parks by assets, view real-time crime rates and utility repairs, and much more.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.esri.com/industries/localgov/open-government|title=GIS for Local Government{{!}} Open Government|website=www.esri.com|language=en|access-date=25 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Parker | first1 = C.J. | last2 = May | first2 = A. | last3 = Mitchell | first3 = V. | last4 = Burrows | first4 = A. | year = 2013 | title = Capturing Volunteered Information for Inclusive Service Design: Potential Benefits and Challenges | url = https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/11589| journal = The Design Journal | volume = 16 | issue = 2| pages = 197–218 | doi=10.2752/175630613x13584367984947| s2cid = 110716823 | type = Submitted manuscript }}</ref> The push for open data within government organizations is driving the growth in local government GIS technology spending, and database management.