Editing Conservatism (section)

=== Latin America ===
{{main|Conservatism in Latin America}}
Conservative elites have long dominated Latin American nations. Mostly, this has been achieved through control of civil institutions, the Catholic Church, and the military, rather than through party politics. Typically, the Church was exempt from taxes and its employees immune from civil prosecution. Where conservative parties were weak or non-existent, conservatives were more likely to rely on [[military dictatorship]] as a preferred form of government.{{sfn|Remmer|1989}}

However, in some nations where the elites were able to mobilize popular support for conservative parties, longer periods of political stability were achieved. Chile, Colombia, and Venezuela are examples of nations that developed strong conservative parties. Argentina, Brazil, El Salvador, and Peru are examples of nations where this did not occur.<ref>Middlebrook, Kevin J. ''Conservative parties, the right, and democracy in Latin America''. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000 {{ISBN|978-0-8018-6386-8}} pp. 1–52.</ref>

Political scientist [[Louis Hartz]] explained conservatism in Latin American nations as a result of their settlement as feudal societies.<ref>Fierlbeck, Katherine. ''Political thought in Canada: an intellectual history''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006. {{ISBN|978-1-55111-711-9}} pp. 87–88</ref>

==== Brazil ====
{{Main|Conservatism in Brazil}}
{{Conservatism in Brazil}}
Conservatism in Brazil originates from the cultural and historical tradition of Brazil, whose cultural roots are [[Portugal|Luso]]-[[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] and [[Roman Catholic]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Freyre |first=Gilberto |date=1943 |title=Em Torno Do Problema De Uma Cultura Brasileira |journal=Philosophy and Phenomenological Research |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=167–171 |doi=10.2307/2103064 |jstor=2103064}}</ref> More traditional conservative historical views and features include belief in political [[federalism]] and [[Monarchism in Brazil|monarchism]]. Brazil is the only Latin American nation with a relatively strong royalist sentiment, and throughout modern history a significant minority of the population has always supported a monarchical restoration.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Schipani |first=Andres |date=January 6, 2020 |title=Royalists pine for days of empire in Bolsonaro's Brazil |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-01-06/royalists-pine-for-days-of-empire-in-bolsonaros-brazil}}</ref>

The [[military dictatorship in Brazil]] was established on April 1, 1964, after a ''coup d'état'' by the [[Brazilian Army]] with support from the United States government, and it lasted for 21 years, until March 15, 1985. The coup received support from almost all high-ranking members of the military along with conservative sectors in society, such as the Catholic Church and anti-communist civilian movements among the Brazilian middle and upper classes. The dictatorship reached the height of its popularity in the 1970s with the so-called [[Brazilian Miracle]]. Brazil's military government provided a model for other military regimes throughout [[Latin America]], being systematized by the "National Security Doctrine", which was used to justify the military's actions as operating in the interest of national security in a time of crisis.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=Eduardo |url=http://ictj.org/news/brazil-shatters-its-wall-silence-past |title=Brazil Shatters Its Wall of Silence on the Past |publisher=International Center for Transitional Justice |date=December 6, 2011 |access-date=March 18, 2012}}</ref>

In contemporary politics, a [[Conservative wave#Brazil|conservative wave]] began roughly around the [[2014 Brazilian presidential election]].<ref>{{cite news |work=Folha de S. Paulo |last=Boulos |first=Guilherme |title=Onda Conservadora |url=https://m.folha.uol.com.br/colunas/guilhermeboulos/2014/10/1529543-onda-conservadora.shtml |access-date=January 4, 2024}}</ref> According to commentators, the [[National Congress of Brazil]] elected in 2014 may be considered the most conservative since the re-democratisation movement, citing an increase in the number of parliamentarians linked to more conservative segments, such as [[ruralists]], [[Military of Brazil|the military]], [[Police of Brazil|the police]], and [[#Religious_conservatism|religious conservatives]]. The subsequent economic crisis of 2015 and investigations of corruption scandals led to a right-wing movement that sought to rescue ideas from capitalism in opposition to socialism. At the same time, fiscal conservatives such as those that make up the [[Free Brazil Movement]] emerged among many others. Military officer [[Jair Bolsonaro]] of the [[Social Liberal Party (Brazil)|Social Liberal Party]] was the winner of the [[2018 Brazilian presidential election]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2017/12/1940171-lula-lidera-e-bolsonaro-se-consolida-em-2-aponta-datafolha.shtml |title=Lula lidera, e Bolsonaro se consolida em 2º, aponta Datafolha |date=December 2, 2017 |access-date=December 7, 2017 |agency=Poder}}</ref>

==== Chile ====
Chile's conservative party, the [[National Party (Chile, 1966–1973)|National Party]], disbanded in 1973 following a military coup and did not re-emerge as a political force after the return to democracy.<ref>Oppenheim, Lois Hecht (2007). ''Politics in Chile: Socialism, Authoritarianism, and Market Democracy''. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8133-4227-6}}</ref> During the [[military dictatorship of Chile]], the country was ruled by a [[Government Junta of Chile (1973)|military junta]] headed by General [[Augusto Pinochet]]. His ideology, known as [[Pinochetism]], was anti-communist, militaristic, nationalistic, and ''laissez-faire'' capitalistic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guy-Meakin |first=Amelia |date=September 17, 2012 |title=Augusto Pinochet and the Support of Chilean Right-Wing Women |url=https://www.e-ir.info/2012/09/17/augusto-pinochet-and-the-support-of-chilean-right-wing-women/ |website=E-International Relations}}</ref> Under Pinochet, [[Chile's economy]] was placed under the control of a group of economists known collectively as the [[Chicago Boys]], whose [[Liberalization|liberalizing]] policies have been described as [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Valdes |first1=Juan Gabriel |title=Pinochet's Economists: The Chicago School of Economics in Chile |date=August 17, 1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-45146-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-oJq_Rpcs_AC |page=81}}</ref>

==== Colombia ====
{{main|Conservatism in Colombia}}
The [[Colombian Conservative Party]], founded in 1849, traces its origins to opponents of General [[Francisco de Paula Santander]]'s 1833–1837 administration. While the term "liberal" had been used to describe all political forces in Colombia, the conservatives began describing themselves as "conservative liberals" and their opponents as "red liberals". From the 1860s until the present, the party has supported strong central government and the Catholic Church, especially its role as protector of the sanctity of the family, and opposed [[separation of church and state]]. Its policies include the legal equality of all men, the citizen's right to own property, and opposition to dictatorship. It has usually been Colombia's second largest party, with the [[Colombian Liberal Party]] being the largest.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Osterling |author-first=Jorge P. |title=Democracy in Colombia: Clientelist Politics and Guerrilla Warfare |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-88738-229-1 |page=180}}</ref>