Editing Age of Enlightenment (section)

===Coffeehouses===
{{Main|English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries}}

[[Coffeehouse]]s were especially important to the spread of knowledge during the Enlightenment because they created a unique environment in which people from many different walks of life gathered and shared ideas. They were frequently criticized by nobles who feared the possibility of an environment in which class and its accompanying titles and privileges were disregarded. Such an environment was especially intimidating to monarchs who derived much of their power from the disparity between classes of people. If the different classes joined together under the influence of Enlightenment thinking, they might recognize the all-encompassing oppression and abuses of their monarchs and because of the numbers of their members might be able to successfully revolt. Monarchs also resented the idea of their subjects convening as one to discuss political matters, especially matters of foreign affairs. Rulers thought political affairs were their business only, a result of their divine right to rule.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Coffeehouse Civility, 1660–1714: An Aspect of Post-Courtly Culture in England |first=Lawrence E. |journal=Huntington Library Quarterly |last=Klein |date=1 January 1996 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=31–51 |doi=10.2307/3817904 |jstor=3817904}}</ref>

Coffeeshops became homes away from home for many who sought to engage in discourse with their neighbors and discuss intriguing and thought-provoking matters, from philosophy to politics. Coffeehouses were essential to the Enlightenment, for they were centers of free-thinking and self-discovery. Although many coffeehouse patrons were scholars, many were not. Coffeehouses attracted a diverse set of people, including the educated wealthy and bourgeois as well as the lower classes. Patrons, being doctors, lawyers, merchants, represented almost all classes, so the coffeeshop environment sparked fear in those who wanted to preserve class distinction. One of the most popular critiques of the coffeehouse said that it "allowed promiscuous association among people from different rungs of the social ladder, from the artisan to the aristocrat" and was therefore compared to [[Noah's Ark]], receiving all types of animals, clean and unclean.<ref>Klein, 35.</ref> This unique culture served as a catalyst for journalism, when [[Joseph Addison]] and [[Richard Steele]] recognized its potential as an audience. Together, Steele and Addison published ''[[The Spectator (1711)]],'' a daily publication which aimed, through fictional narrator Mr. Spectator, to both entertain and provoke discussion on serious philosophical matters.

The first English coffeehouse opened in Oxford in 1650. Brian Cowan said that Oxford coffeehouses developed into "penny universities," offering a locus of learning that was less formal than at structured institutions. These penny universities occupied a significant position in Oxford academic life, as they were frequented by those consequently referred to as the ''virtuosi,'' who conducted their research on some of the premises. According to Cowan, "the coffeehouse was a place for like-minded scholars to congregate, to read, as well as learn from and to debate with each other, but was emphatically not a university institution, and the discourse there was of a far different order than any university tutorial."<ref>Cowan, 90, 91.</ref>

The [[Café Procope]] was established in Paris in 1686, and by the 1720s there were around 400 cafés in the city. The Café Procope in particular became a center of Enlightenment, welcoming such celebrities as Voltaire and Rousseau. The Café Procope was where Diderot and D'Alembert decided to create the ''Encyclopédie''.<ref>Colin Jones, ''Paris: Biography of a City'' (New York: Viking, 2004), 188, 189.</ref> The cafés were one of the various "nerve centers" for ''bruits publics,'' public noise or rumour. These ''bruits'' were allegedly a much better source of information than were the actual newspapers available at the time.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Robert |last=Darnton |title=An Early Information Society: News and the Media in Eighteenth-Century Paris |journal=The American Historical Review |year=2000 |volume=105#1 |issue=1 |pages=1–35 |jstor=2652433 |doi=10.2307/2652433}}</ref>