Editing Washington Heights, Manhattan (section)

=== Bridges and highways ===
[[File:HarlemRiverBridges.jpg|thumb|Three of the bridges that cross the [[Harlem River]]: [[High Bridge (New York City)|High Bridge]] (in the foreground), the [[Alexander Hamilton Bridge]] (in the middle, behind High Bridge), and [[Washington Bridge (Harlem River)|Washington Bridge]] (in the background) with [[Manhattan]] (on the left) and [[The Bronx]] (on the right)]]
Washington Heights is connected to [[Fort Lee, New Jersey|Fort Lee]], [[New Jersey]] across the Hudson River via the [[Othmar Ammann]]-designed [[George Washington Bridge]], the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge.<ref name="panynj.gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.panynj.gov/bridges-tunnels/george-washington-bridge.html|title=George Washington Bridge|publisher=[[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]]|access-date=May 3, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rastorfer|first=Darl|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41977224|title=Six bridges: the legacy of Othmar H. Ammann|date=2000|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|isbn=978-0-300-08047-6|location=New Haven|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A51VbeqTwogC&pg=PT177|chapter=Chapter 2: The George Washington Bridge|oclc=41977224}}</ref>{{Rp|42}} Upon completion in 1931, it was also the world's longest [[suspension bridge]].<ref name=fortwashingtonhighlights>{{cite web|url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/fort-washington-park/history|title=Fort Washington Park Highlights|access-date=April 21, 2020|publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]}}</ref> The [[Pier Luigi Nervi]]-designed [[George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal]] is located at the Manhattan end between 178th and 179th Streets, extending between Fort Washington and Wadsworth avenues.<ref>{{cite news|last=Fernandez|first=Manny|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/05/nyregion/05terminal.html|title=Change and Outrage at the Bus Station That Time Forgot|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 5, 2008|access-date=February 16, 2017}}</ref> After its construction in 1963, Nervi won an award for the terminal's unique use of concrete,<ref>{{cite news|title=George Washington Bridge Bus Station|work=[[Gothamist]]|url=https://gothamist.com/news/george-washington-bridge-bus-station-plans-revealed|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623194801/https://gothamist.com/news/george-washington-bridge-bus-station-plans-revealed|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 23, 2021|date=October 16, 2008|access-date=April 9, 2020}}</ref> including its huge butterfly-like ventilation ducts.<ref>{{cite aia5}}</ref>{{Rp|570}} The station provides service to [[North Jersey]] via [[NJ Transit Bus Operations]]; [[Paterson, New Jersey|Paterson]] and [[Jersey City]] via [[Spanish Transportation]]; the [[Northeast megalopolis|Northeastern Corridor]] via [[Greyhound Lines|Greyhound]]; and [[upstate New York]] via [[Rockland Coaches]] and [[OurBus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.panynj.gov/bus-terminals/en/george-washington.html|title=George Washington Bridge Bus Station|publisher=[[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]]|access-date=November 5, 2021}}</ref>

The [[Trans-Manhattan Expressway]], part of [[Interstate 95 in New York|Interstate 95]], runs for {{convert|0.8|mi}} from the George Washington Bridge in a trench between 178th and 179th Streets.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Anderson|first1=Susan Heller|last2=Dunlap|first2=David W.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/25/nyregion/new-york-day-by-day-big-name-and-short-road.html|title=NEW YORK DAY BY DAY; Big Name And Short Road|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 25, 1986|access-date=May 3, 2020}}</ref> The construction of the George Washington Bridge and the Trans-Manhattan Expressway required the demolition of all apartment buildings between 178th and 179th Streets, in addition to many west of Cabrini Boulevard between 177th and 181st Streets, evicting over 1,000 families.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://1940s.nyc/map/#15.69/40.849793/-73.941887|title=1940s NYC – Street photos of every building in NYC in 1939/1940|access-date=February 23, 2021|publisher=[[New York Public Library]], Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1929/10/27/archives/to-raze-20-flats-in-path-of-bridge-wreckers-soon-to-clear-three.html|title=To Raze 20 Flats in Path of Bridge; Wreckers Soon to Clear Three Washington Heights Blocks for Approach. 2 Churches Also Doomed Half of 3,000 Tenants Ousted for Hudson River Span Stay in the Vicinity, Realty Men Report.|date=October 27, 1929|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 23, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ingraham|first=Joseph C.|title=Relocation Is Almost Completed Near George Washington Bridge|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 23, 1959|page=33|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1959/04/23/83682312.html?action=click&contentCollection=Archives&module=ArticleEndCTA&region=ArchiveBody&pgtype=article&pageNumber=33|access-date=May 22, 2014}}</ref> To the east, the highway leads to the [[Alexander Hamilton Bridge]], completed in 1963, which crosses the [[Harlem River]] and connects to [[the Bronx]] via the [[Cross Bronx Expressway]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-announces-completion-alexander-hamilton-bridge-rehabilitation|title=Governor Cuomo Announces Completion of Alexander Hamilton Bridge Rehabilitation|publisher=[[New York State]]|first=Andrew|last=Cuomo|author-link=Andrew Cuomo|date=July 28, 2014|access-date=May 3, 2020|archive-date=February 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225023722/https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-announces-completion-alexander-hamilton-bridge-rehabilitation|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Washington Bridge (Harlem River)|Washington Bridge]], built in 1888, crosses the river just north of the Alexander Hamilton Bridge and connects to both the Trans-Manhattan and Cross Bronx expressways.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1222.pdf|title=Washington Bridge|access-date=May 3, 2020|date=September 14, 1982|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]}}</ref>{{Rp|4}}

Crossing the river at 175th Street in Manhattan, the [[High Bridge (New York City)|High Bridge]] is the oldest bridge in New York City still in existence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/park-features/highbridge-park/planyc|title=The High Bridge|access-date=May 3, 2020|publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]}}</ref> The bridge was completed in 1848 to carry the [[Croton Aqueduct]] as part of the city's water system;<ref name="Parks Highbridge"/> a promenade was added in 1864 that stayed in use up until the 1970s, although the aqueduct function was discontinued in 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://waterworkshistory.us/NY/New_York_City/|title=New York City Waterworks|access-date=February 15, 2021|first=Morris A.|last=Pierce}}</ref> In the late 1920s, several of its stone piers were replaced with a steel arch that spanned the river to allow ships to more easily navigate under the bridge.<ref>{{cite news|first=Christopher|last=Gray|author-link=Christopher Gray (architectural historian)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/28/realestate/the-beauty-of-high-bridge-on-the-comeback-trail.html|title=Streetscapes: The High Bridge – Beauty on the Comeback Trail|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 25, 2013|access-date=May 3, 2020}}</ref> In June 2015, the High Bridge reopened as a pedestrian and bicycle bridge after a three-year rehabilitation project.<ref name="Parks Highbridge">{{cite web|url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/park-features/highbridge-park/high-bridge-history|publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]|access-date=April 15, 2020|title=History of the High Bridge: NYC Parks}}</ref>

For transport northward and southward across Manhattan, Washington Heights is connected with two other significant highways: the [[Harlem River Drive]] by the Harlem River and the [[Henry Hudson Parkway]] (part of [[New York State Route 9A]]) by the Hudson River.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/hds-respository/newyorktvbk.pdf|title=List of State Routes in New York County|publisher=[[New York State Department of Transportation]]|date=2003|access-date=May 6, 2020}}</ref> The Harlem River Drive began as a horse carriage roadway in 1898 and was converted into a highway exclusively for cars during the 1950s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1898/07/03/archives/harlem-speedway-opened-pronounced-by-horsemen-to-be-the-finest.html|title=HARLEM SPEEDWAY OPENED; Pronounced by Horsemen to be the Finest Driveway for Light Speeding in the Country. YESTERDAY THE FIRST DAY The Number Present at the Opening Hour Not Large, but Later in the Day Many Wrote Arrived – Interesting Facts.|date=July 3, 1898|work=The New York Times|access-date=September 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/13/realestate/a-roadway-built-for-the-elite-to-trot-out-their-rigs.html|title=A Roadway Built for the Elite to Trot Out Their Rigs|last=Gray|first=Christopher|date=July 13, 1997|work=The New York Times|access-date=September 15, 2017}}</ref> The road has since blocked access to the waterfront from Highbridge Park,<ref name="Parks Highbridge"/> although the [[Harlem River Greenway]] (planned for renovation {{as of|2019|lc=y}})<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edc.nyc/press-release/nycedc-and-nyc-parks-release-public-proposal-design-two-new-waterfront-parks-along|title=NYCEDC and NYC Parks Release Public Proposal to Design Two New Waterfront Parks Along Harlem River|date=February 11, 2019|access-date=February 15, 2021|publisher=[[New York City Economic Development Corporation]]}}</ref> can still be accessed from 155th Street and Dyckman Street.<ref name=manhattanwaterfrontmap>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/edc/pdf/greenway_mapside.pdf|title=Manhattan Waterfront Greenway Map|publisher=[[New York City]]|access-date=May 6, 2020}}</ref> The Henry Hudson Parkway, built in 1936,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/X110/history|access-date=February 15, 2021|publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]|title=Henry Hudson Parkway}}</ref> is also surrounded by parkland but leaves [[Fort Washington Park]] with a large amount of waterfront space on its western side,<ref name=flickering>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/realestate/11scape.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 15, 2021|date=January 9, 2009|first=Christopher|last=Gray|title=Flickering Views of an Earlier Era}}</ref> while the [[Hudson River Greenway]] lies on its eastern side.<ref name=manhattanwaterfrontmap/> Running above-ground between the highway and the greenway is the [[Empire Service]] [[Amtrak]] line, whose closest stops are at [[Yonkers station|Yonkers]] and [[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|Penn Station]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amtrak.com/empire-service-train|title=Empire Service Train|publisher=[[Amtrak]]|access-date=February 23, 2021}}</ref>