Editing Parasitism (section)

=== Early modern<!--name of period--> ===

In the [[early modern period]], [[Francesco Redi]]'s 1668 book ''Esperienze Intorno alla Generazione degl'Insetti'' (''Experiences of the Generation of Insects''), explicitly described ecto- and endoparasites, illustrating [[ticks]], the larvae of [[Cephenemyiinae|nasal flies of deer]], and [[Fasciola hepatica|sheep liver fluke]].<ref name=Ioli1997>{{cite journal |last1=Ioli |first1=A. |last2=Petithory |first2=J. C. |last3=Theodorides |first3=J. |title=Francesco Redi and the birth of experimental parasitology|journal=Hist Sci Med |year=1997|volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=61–66 |pmid=11625103}}</ref> Redi noted that parasites develop from eggs, contradicting the theory of [[spontaneous generation]].<ref name=Bush2001>{{cite book |last1=Bush |first1=A. O. |author2=Fernández, J. C. |author3=Esch, G. W. |author4=Seed, J. R. |title=Parasitism: The Diversity and Ecology of Animal Parasites |year=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/parasitismdivers0000unse/page/4 4] |isbn=978-0-521-66447-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/parasitismdivers0000unse/page/4 }}</ref> In his 1684 book ''Osservazioni intorno agli animali viventi che si trovano negli animali viventi'' (''Observations on Living Animals found in Living Animals''), Redi described and illustrated over 100 parasites including the [[Ascaris lumbricoides|large roundworm]] in humans that causes [[ascariasis]].<ref name=Ioli1997/> Redi was the first to name the cysts of ''[[Echinococcus granulosus]]'' seen in dogs and sheep as parasitic; a century later, in 1760, [[Peter Simon Pallas]] correctly suggested that these were the larvae of tapeworms.<ref name=Cox2004/>

In 1681, [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] observed and illustrated the protozoan parasite ''[[Giardia lamblia]]'', and linked it to "his own loose stools". This was the first protozoan parasite of humans to be seen under a microscope.<ref name=Cox2004/> A few years later, in 1687, the Italian biologists [[Giovanni Cosimo Bonomo]] and [[Diacinto Cestoni]] described [[scabies]] as caused by the parasitic mite ''[[Sarcoptes scabiei]]'', marking it as the first disease of humans with a known microscopic causative agent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pacs.unica.it/biblio/lesson5.htm |title=Acarus as the cause of scabies |publisher=University of Cagliari |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703205914/http://pacs.unica.it/biblio/lesson5.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Ross, 20.Aug.1897.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ronald Ross]] won the 1902 [[Nobel Prize]] for showing that the [[malaria parasite]] is transmitted by mosquitoes. This 1897 notebook page records his first observations of the parasite in mosquitoes.]]