Editing Meditation (section)

=== Clinical ===
{{see also|Mindfulness#Applications|l1=Mindfulness applications|Mindfulness-based stress reduction|l2=Mindfulness-based stress reduction|Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy|l3=Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy|Mindfulness-based pain management|l4=Mindfulness-based pain management|}}

Since the 1970s, [[clinical psychology]] and [[psychiatry]] have developed meditation techniques for numerous psychological conditions.<ref name=Harrington2015>{{cite journal |last1=Harrington |first1=Anne |last2=Dunne |first2=John D. |title=When mindfulness is therapy: Ethical qualms, historical perspectives |journal=American Psychologist |date=2015 |volume=70 |issue=7 |pages=621–631 |doi=10.1037/a0039460 |pmid=26436312 |s2cid=43129186 |url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:25757884 |access-date=2017-06-03 |archive-date=2021-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220174512/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/25757884 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mindfulness practice is employed in psychology to alleviate mental and physical conditions, such as affecting the endocrine system therefore reducing [[depression (mood)|depression]], and helping to alleviate stress, and [[anxiety]].<ref name=goyal/><ref name=Strauss>{{cite journal |last1=Strauss |first1=Clara |last2=Cavanagh |first2=Kate |last3=Oliver |first3=Annie |last4=Pettman |first4=Danelle |title=Mindfulness-Based Interventions for People Diagnosed with a Current Episode of an Anxiety or Depressive Disorder: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials |journal=PLOS ONE |date=24 April 2014 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=e96110 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0096110 |pmid=24763812 |pmc=3999148 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...996110S |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Khoury2015>{{cite journal |last1=Khoury |first1=Bassam |last2=Sharma |first2=Manoj |last3=Rush |first3=Sarah E. |last4=Fournier |first4=Claude |title=Mindfulness-based stress reduction for healthy individuals: A meta-analysis |journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research |date=June 2015 |volume=78 |issue=6 |pages=519–528 |doi=10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.03.009 |pmid=25818837 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pascoe |first1=Michaela C. |last2=Thompson |first2=David R. |last3=Ski |first3=Chantal F. |date=July 2020 |title=Meditation and Endocrine Health and Wellbeing |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32037024/ |journal=Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=469–477 |doi=10.1016/j.tem.2020.01.012 |issn=1879-3061 |pmid=32037024}}</ref> Mindfulness is also used as a form of interventional therapy in the treatment of addiction including [[drug addiction]], although the quantity and quality of evidence based research has been poor.<ref name=stetka/><ref name=Chiesa>{{cite journal |last1=Chiesa |first1=Alberto |last2=Serretti |first2=Alessandro |title=Are Mindfulness-Based Interventions Effective for Substance Use Disorders? A Systematic Review of the Evidence |journal=Substance Use & Misuse |date=16 April 2014 |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=492–512 |doi=10.3109/10826084.2013.770027 |pmid=23461667 |s2cid=34990668 }}</ref>

The US [[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]] states that ''"Meditation and mindfulness practices may have a variety of health benefits and may help people improve the quality of their lives. Recent studies have investigated if meditation or mindfulness helps people manage anxiety, stress, depression, pain, or symptoms related to withdrawal from nicotine, alcohol, or opioids."'' However, the NCCIC goes on to caution that, ''"results from the studies have been difficult to analyze and may have been interpreted too optimistically."''<ref name="NIH2">{{Cite web |title=Meditation and Mindfulness: What You Need To Know |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/meditation-and-mindfulness-what-you-need-to-know |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=NCCIH |language=en |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314064803/https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/meditation-and-mindfulness-what-you-need-to-know |url-status=live }}</ref>

A 2014 review found that practice of mindfulness meditation for two to six months by people undergoing long-term [[psychiatry|psychiatric]] or medical therapy could produce moderate improvements in pain management, [[anxiety]], [[depression (mood)|depression]].<ref name="Goyal">{{cite journal |last1=Goyal |first1=Madhav |last2=Singh |first2=Sonal |last3=Sibinga |first3=Erica M. S. |last4=Gould |first4=Neda F. |last5=Rowland-Seymour |first5=Anastasia |last6=Sharma |first6=Ritu |last7=Berger |first7=Zackary |last8=Sleicher |first8=Dana |last9=Maron |first9=David D. |last10=Shihab |first10=Hasan M. |last11=Ranasinghe |first11=Padmini D. |last12=Linn |first12=Shauna |last13=Saha |first13=Shonali |last14=Bass |first14=Eric B. |last15=Haythornthwaite |first15=Jennifer A. |title=Meditation Programs for Psychological Stress and Well-being: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=JAMA Internal Medicine |date=1 March 2014 |volume=174 |issue=3 |pages=357–368 |doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018 |pmid=24395196 |pmc=4142584 }}</ref> In 2017, the [[American Heart Association]] issued a scientific statement that meditation may be a reasonable [[Adjuvant therapy|adjunct]] practice and intervention to help reduce the risk of [[cardiovascular disease]]s, with the qualification that meditation needs to be better defined in higher-quality [[clinical research]] of these disorders.<ref name="Levine">{{cite journal |last1=Levine |first1=Glenn N. |last2=Lange |first2=Richard A. |last3=Bairey-Merz |first3=C. Noel |last4=Davidson |first4=Richard J. |last5=Jamerson |first5=Kenneth |last6=Mehta |first6=Puja K. |last7=Michos |first7=Erin D. |last8=Norris |first8=Keith |last9=Ray |first9=Indranill Basu |last10=Saban |first10=Karen L. |last11=Shah |first11=Tina |last12=Stein |first12=Richard |last13=Smith |first13=Sidney C. |author14=American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology |author15=Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing |author16=Council on Hypertension |title=Meditation and Cardiovascular Risk Reduction: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association |journal=Journal of the American Heart Association |date=11 October 2017 |volume=6 |issue=10 |doi=10.1161/JAHA.117.002218 |pmid=28963100 |pmc=5721815 }}</ref> Recent findings have also found evidence of meditation affecting migraines in adults. Mindfulness meditation may allow for a decrease in migraine episodes, and a drop in migraine medication usage.'''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wells|first1=Rebecca Erwin|last2=Beuthin|first2=Justin|last3=Granetzke|first3=Laura|date=February 2019|title=Complementary and Integrative Medicine for Episodic Migraine: an Update of Evidence from the Last 3 Years|journal=Current Pain and Headache Reports|language=en|volume=23|issue=2|page=10|doi=10.1007/s11916-019-0750-8|pmid=30790138|pmc=6559232|issn=1531-3433}}</ref>'''

Early low-quality and low- quantity evidence indicates that the mechanism of meditation may help with [[irritable bowel syndrome]],<ref name="nih">{{cite web|url=http://nccih.nih.gov/health/meditation/overview.htm|title=Meditation: In depth|publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health|date=1 April 2016|access-date=22 August 2019|archive-date=3 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003213551/https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/meditation/overview.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> [[insomnia]],<ref name=nih/> [[dementia|cognitive decline]] in the elderly,<ref name="Gard">{{cite journal |last1=Gard |first1=Tim |last2=Hölzel |first2=Britta K. |last3=Lazar |first3=Sara W. |title=The potential effects of meditation on age-related cognitive decline: a systematic review: Effects of meditation on cognition in aging |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |date=January 2014 |volume=1307 |issue=1 |pages=89–103 |doi=10.1111/nyas.12348 |pmid=24571182 |pmc=4024457| bibcode=2014NYASA1307...89G }}</ref> and [[post-traumatic stress disorder]].<ref name="Gallegos">{{cite journal |last1=Gallegos |first1=Autumn M. |last2=Crean |first2=Hugh F. |last3=Pigeon |first3=Wilfred R. |last4=Heffner |first4=Kathi L. |title=Meditation and yoga for posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |date=December 2017 |volume=58 |pages=115–124 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.004 |pmid=29100863 |pmc=5939561 }}</ref><ref name="Bisson Roberts Andrew Cooper p.">{{cite journal |last1=Bisson |first1=Jonathan I |last2=Roberts |first2=Neil P |last3=Andrew |first3=Martin |last4=Cooper |first4=Rosalind |last5=Lewis |first5=Catrin |title=Psychological therapies for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date=13 December 2013 |volume=2013 |issue=12 |pages=CD003388 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003388.pub4 |pmid=24338345 |pmc=6991463 }}</ref> Sitting in silence, body scan meditation and concentrating on breathing was shown in a 2016 review to moderately decrease symptoms of [[Post-traumatic stress disorder|PTSD]] and depression in war veterans and creating resilience to stresses in active service.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Colgan |first1=Dana Dharmakaya |last2=Christopher |first2=Michael |last3=Michael |first3=Paul |last4=Wahbeh |first4=Helané |date=2016-04-01 |title=The Body Scan and Mindful Breathing Among Veterans with PTSD: Type of Intervention Moderates the Relationship Between Changes in Mindfulness and Post-treatment Depression |journal=Mindfulness |language=en |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=372–383 |doi=10.1007/s12671-015-0453-0 |issn=1868-8535 |pmc=7451147 |pmid=32863982}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brewer |first=Judson |date=2014 |title=Mindfulness in the Military |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14040501 |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=171 |issue=8 |pages=803–806 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14040501 |pmid=25082484 |issn=0002-953X}}</ref> Researchers have found that participating in mindfulness meditation can aid insomnia patients by improving sleep quality and total wake time.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|last1=Gong|first1=Hong|last2=Ni|first2=Chen-Xu|last3=Liu|first3=Yun-Zi|last4=Zhang|first4=Yi|last5=Su|first5=Wen-Jun|last6=Lian|first6=Yong-Jie|last7=Peng|first7=Wei|last8=Jiang|first8=Chun-Lei|date=October 2016|title=Mindfulness meditation for insomnia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022399916303579|journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research|language=en|volume=89|pages=1–6|doi=10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.07.016|pmid=27663102|access-date=2021-10-15|archive-date=2022-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121113727/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022399916303579|url-status=live}}</ref> Mindfulness meditation is a supportive therapy that aides in the treatment for patients diagnosed with  insomnia.<ref name=":03" />