Editing Lombardy (section)

===Literature===
{{main|Western Lombard literature}}
[[File:Maggi Carlo Maria.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.6|[[Carlo Maria Maggi]]]]

The first texts written in the vernacular [[Lombard language]] date back to the 13th century. These are mainly works of a didactic-religious nature; an example is the ''Sermon Divin'' by {{ill|Pietro da Barsegapè|it}}, which narrates the [[Passion of Jesus]]. Very important is the contribution to Lombard literature of [[Bonvesin de la Riva]], who wrote, among other works, the ''[[Liber di Tre Scricciur]]'', the ''De magnalibus urbis Mediolani'' ("The Wonders of Milan"), and an [[etiquette]], the ''De quinquaginta curialitatibus ad mensam'' ("Fifty table courtesies").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.classicitaliani.it/index139.htm|title=Opere di Bonvesin de la Riva|access-date=21 September 2017|language=it|archive-date=6 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206012104/http://www.classicitaliani.it/index139.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

From the 15th century, the prestige of literary [[Tuscan dialect|Tuscan]] began to supplant the use of northern vernaculars which had been used, although influenced by the Florentine vernacular, also in chancellor and administrative contexts.<ref>{{cite web|last=Brown|first=Josh|title=Testimonianze Di Una Precoce Toscanizzazione Nelle Lettere Commerciali del Mercante Milanese Francesco Tanso (?-1398)|publisher=Archivio Datini|location=Prato|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-437059133.html|access-date=8 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818052204/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-437059133.html|archive-date=18 August 2018|language=it}}</ref> Despite this, starting from this century, there began to be the first signs of a true Lombard literature, with literary compositions in the Lombard language both in the western part of the region and in the eastern one.<ref>{{cite book|last=Haller|first=Hermann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_F4C4AXtLFIC&dq=Giovanni+Bressani+Galeazzo+dagli+Orzi&pg=PA106|title=The Other Italy: The Literary Canon in Dialect|date=January 1999 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-4424-2 |access-date=21 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Treccani|giovanni-paolo-lomazzo_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|LOMAZZO, Giovanni Paolo}}</ref>
[[File:Carlo_Porta.png|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Carlo Porta]]]]

The 17th century also saw the emergence of the figure of the playwright [[Carlo Maria Maggi]], who created, among other things, the Milanese mask of [[Meneghino]].<ref>{{cite book|author=[[AA.VV.]]|title=Maschere italiane|publisher=Edizioni Demetra|year=2002|page=116|isbn=978-8844026066|language=it}}</ref> Also in the 17th century, the first ''[[Bosinada|bosinade]]'' were born, occasional popular poems written on loose sheets of paper and posted in squares or read (or even sung) in public; they had great success and widespread diffusion until the first decades of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sapere.it/enciclopedia/bosinada.html|title=Bosinada|date=4 June 2020 |language=it|access-date=6 February 2024}}</ref> Milanese literature had a strong development in the 18th century: some important names emerged, including the famous poet [[Giuseppe Parini]], who wrote some compositions in the Lombard language.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anticacredenzasantambrogiomilano.org/linguastoria/7001.html|title=Letteratura milanese - Il '700|access-date=21 September 2017|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://opac.unicatt.it/search~S13*ita?/cFONDO+Silvio+Cipriani-E-75/cfondo+silvio+cipriani+e+++++++75/-3,-1,,E/browse|title=Sistema bibliotecario e documentale|access-date=21 September 2017|language=it}}</ref>

The beginning of the 19th century was dominated by the figure of [[Carlo Porta]], recognized by many as the most important author of Lombard literature, and also included among the greatest poets of Italian national literature. With him, some of the highest peaks of literary expressiveness in the Lombard language were reached, which clearly emerged in works such as ''La Ninetta del Verzee'', ''Desgrazzi de Giovannin Bongee'', ''La guerra di pret'' e ''Lament del Marchionn de gamb avert''.<ref>{{Treccani|carlo-porta/|Pòrta, Carlo}}</ref> Milanese poetic production took on such important dimensions that in 1815 the scholar [[Francesco Cherubini]] published a four-volume [[anthology]] of Lombard literature, which included texts written from the 17th century to his day.<ref>{{Treccani|francesco-cherubini/|Cherubini, Francesco}}</ref>