Editing Ismailism (section)

===Druze===
{{Main|Druze}}
While on one view there is a historical nexus between the Druze and Ismāʿīlīs, any such links are purely historical and do not entail any modern similarities,{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} given that one of the Druze's central tenets is trans-migration of the soul (reincarnation) as well as other contrasting beliefs with Ismāʿīlīsm and Islam. Druze is an offshoot of Ismailism. Many historical links do trace back to Syria and particularly Masyaf.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} The Druze faith is often classified as a branch of Isma'ili; although according to various scholars Druze faith "diverge substantially from Islam, both [[Sunni]] and [[Shia]]".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought|last1=Zaman|first1=Muhammad Qasim |last2=Stewart|first2=Devin J. |last3=Mirza|first3=Mahan |last4=Kadi|first4=Wadad|last5=Crone|first5=Patricia |last6=Gerhard |first6=Bowering|last7= Hefner|first7=Robert W.|last8= Fahmy|first8=Khaled|last9=Kuran|first9=Timur |year= 2013| isbn=978-0-691-13484-0| pages =139–140|publisher=Princeton University Press|quote=Druze who survive as a small minority in Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan (their estimated number in these countries totaled around one million in the beginning of the 21st century) diverge substantially from Islam, both Sunni and  Shīʿa.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Origins of the Druze Religion: An Edition of Ḥamza's Writings and an Analysis of His Doctrine|first=David |last=R. W. Bryer|year= 1979| isbn= 978-0-03-052596-4| page =239|publisher=University of Oxford Press|quote=}}</ref> The [[Druze]] faith further split from Isma'ilism as it developed its own unique doctrines, and finally separated from both Ismāʿīlīsm and Islam altogether; these include the belief that the Imam [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah|Al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh]] was [[Incarnation|God incarnate]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |publisher=[[American Oriental Society]] |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Bryer | first = David R. W. | title = The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) | journal = [[Der Islam]] | year = 1975 | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 239–262 | doi = 10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | s2cid = 162363556  | issn = 1613-0928 | ref = {{harvid|Bryer|1975b}} }}</ref> 

Even though the faith originally developed out of Isma'ilism, most [[Druze]] no longer consider themselves [[Muslims]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Are the Druze People Arabs or Muslims? Deciphering Who They Are |url=https://www.arabamerica.com/are-the-druze-people-arabs-or-muslims-deciphering-who-they-are/ |website=Arab America |access-date=13 April 2020 |language=en |date=8 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives| first=Dona|last= J. Stewart|year=2008| isbn=978-1-135-98079-5| page = 33|publisher=Routledge|quote= Most Druze do not consider themselves Muslim. Historically they faced much persecution and keep their religious beliefs secrets.}}</ref><ref name="Incorporated-1996">{{cite book|author=[[James R. Lewis (scholar)|James Lewis]]|title=The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1615927387|access-date=13 May 2015|year=2002|publisher=[[Prometheus Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East|first=Ronald|last= De McLaurin|year= 1979| isbn= 978-0-03-052596-4| page =114 |publisher=Michigan University Press|quote= Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above..}}</ref> Druze also are not considered [[Muslims]] by those belonging to orthodox Islamic schools of thought (see [[Islam and Druze]]).<ref>{{cite book|title=The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity: Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies| first=Shireen|last= Hunter|year=2010| isbn=978-0-253-34549-3| page = 33|publisher=University of Michigan Press|quote= Druze – An offshoot of Shi'ism; its members are not considered Muslims by orthodox Muslims.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Piety, Politics, and Power: Lutherans Encountering Islam in the Middle East| first=David |last=D. Grafton|year=2009| isbn=978-1-63087-718-7| page = 14|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|quote=In addition, there are several quasi-Muslim sects, in that, although they follow many of the beliefs and practices of orthodox Islam, the majority of Sunnis consider them heretical. These would be the Ahmadiyya, Druze, Ibadi, and the Yazidis.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes]|first=Victoria |last=R. Williams|year= 2020| isbn=978-1-4408-6118-5| page =318 |publisher=ABC-CLIO|quote= As Druze is a nonritualistic religion without requirements to pray, fast, make pilgrimages, or observe days of rest, the Druze are not considered an Islamic people by Sunni Muslims.}}</ref> [[Ibn Taymiyyah]] also pointed out that Druze were not Muslims, and neither 'Ahl al-Kitāb ([[People of the Book]]) nor [[Shirk (Islam)|mushrikin]], rather they were kuffār ([[Infidel]]).<ref>{{cite book|title= Religious Minorities in the Middle East: Domination, Self-Empowerment, Accommodation|first=Anne Sofie|last= Roald|year= 2011| isbn= 978-90-04-20742-4| page =255|publisher=BRILL|quote= Therefore, many of these scholars follow Ibn Taymiyya'sfatwa from the beginning of the fourteenth century that declared the Druzes and the Alawis as heretics outside Islam ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= Middle Eastern Minorities: The Impact of the Arab Spring|first=Ibrahim |last=Zabad|year= 2017| isbn=978-1-317-09673-3| page =126|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= Journey to the End of Islam|first=Michael |last=Knight|year= 2009| isbn= 978-1-59376-552-1| page =129 |publisher=Soft Skull Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= The A to Z of the Druzes|first=Samy|last=S. Swayd|year= 2009| isbn= 978-0-8108-6836-6| page =37 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote= Subsequently, Muslim opponents of the Druzes have often relied on Ibn Taymiyya's religious ruling to justify their attitudes and actions against Druzes...}}</ref>