Editing History of Islam (section)

=== Ottoman Empire partition ===
{{Main|Partition of the Ottoman Empire}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-S29571, Türkei, Dardanellen, MG-Stellung.jpg|thumb|Ottoman army in World War I]] 
By the end of the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire had declined. The decision to back [[Germany]] in [[World War I]] meant they shared the [[Central Powers]]' defeat in that war. The defeat led to the overthrow of the Ottomans by Turkish nationalists led by the victorious general of the [[Battle of Gallipoli]]: [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal]], who became known to his people as Atatürk, "Father of the Turks." Atatürk was credited with renegotiating the [[treaty of Sèvres]] (1920) which ended Turkey's involvement in the war and establishing the modern [[Turkey|Republic of Turkey]], which was recognized by the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] in the [[Treaty of Lausanne (1923)]]. Atatürk went on to implement an ambitious program of modernization that emphasized economic development and [[secular]]ization. He transformed Turkish culture to reflect European laws, adopted [[Arabic numerals]], the [[Latin script]], separated the religious establishment from the state, and emancipated woman—even giving them the right to vote in parallel with [[women's suffrage]] in the west.<ref>{{harvnb|Bentley|Ziegler|2006|pp=961, 969}}</ref>

During the First World War, the Allies cooperated with Arab partisans against the Ottoman Empire, both groups being united in opposition to a common enemy. The most prominent example of this was during the [[Arab Revolt]], when the British, led by secret intelligence agent [[T. E. Lawrence]]—better known as "Lawrence of Arabia" cooperated with Arab [[Guerilla warfare|guerillas]] against the Ottoman forces, eventually securing the withdrawal of all Ottoman troops from the region by 1918. Following the end of the war, the vast majority of former Ottoman territory outside of Asia Minor was handed over to the victorious European powers as [[protectorate]]s. However, many Arabs were left dismayed by the [[Balfour Declaration]], which directly contradicted the [[McMahon–Hussein Correspondence]] publicized only a year earlier.<ref>{{harvnb|Bentley|Ziegler|2006|pp=971–72}}</ref> Ottoman successor states include today's [[Albania]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Bulgaria]], Egypt, Greece, Iraq, [[Israel]], Lebanon, [[Romania]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Serbia]], [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], Turkey, Balkan states, North Africa and the north shore of the [[Black Sea]].<ref>{{harvnb|McNeill|Bentley|Christian|2005|p=1402}}</ref>

Many Muslim countries sought to adopt European political organization and [[nationalism]] began to emerge in the Muslim world. Countries like Egypt, Syria and Turkey organized their governments and sought to develop national pride among their citizens. Other places, like Iraq, were not as successful due to a lack of unity and an inability to resolve age-old prejudices between Muslim sects and against non-Muslims.

Some Muslim countries, such as Turkey and Egypt, sought to separate Islam from the secular government. In other cases, such as Saudi Arabia, the government brought out religious expression in the re-emergence of the puritanical form of Sunni Islam known to its detractors as [[Wahabism]], which found its way into the [[Saudi royal family]].
{{See also|Ottoman Caliphate|Turkish War of Independence}}