Editing Free will (section)

=== Islam ===

In [[Islam]] the theological issue is not usually how to reconcile free will with God's foreknowledge, but with God's ''jabr'', or divine commanding power. [[Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari|al-Ash'ari]] developed an "acquisition" or "dual-agency" form of compatibilism, in which human free will and divine ''jabr'' were both asserted, and which became a cornerstone of the dominant [[Ash'ari]] position.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=Montgomery |title=Free-Will and Predestination in Early Islam |publisher=Luzac & Co. |year=1948 |location=London |author-link=William Montgomery Watt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wolfson |first=Harry |title=The Philosophy of Kalam |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1976 |author-link=Harry Austryn Wolfson}}</ref> In [[Shia]] Islam, Ash'aris understanding of a higher balance toward [[predestination]] is challenged by most theologians.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.al-islam.org/mananddestiny/3.htm |title=Man and His Destiny |publisher=Al-islam.org |access-date=2010-11-21 |archive-date=2012-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415173216/http://www.al-islam.org/mananddestiny/3.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Free will, according to Islamic doctrine is the main factor for man's accountability in his/her actions throughout life. Actions taken by people exercising free will are counted on the [[Day of Judgement]] because they are their own; however, the free will happens with the permission of God.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tosun|first=Ender|title=Guide to Understanding Islam|year=2012|location=Istanbul|isbn=978-605-63198-1-5|url=http://www.islamicinformationcenter.info/understandingislam.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528093600/http://www.islamicinformationcenter.info/understandingislam.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-28 |url-status=live|page=209}}</ref> 

In contrast, the [[Mu'tazilism|Mu'tazila]], known as the rationalist school of Islam, has a position that is opposite to the Ash'arite and other Islamic theology in its view of free will and divine justice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ash'ariyya and Mu'tazila - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/ash-ariyya-and-mu-tazila/v-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803001911/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/ash-ariyya-and-mu-tazila/v-1 |archive-date=2024-08-03 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=www.rep.routledge.com |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Because the Mu'tazila have a doctrine that emphasizes God's justice (''<nowiki/>'Adl'').<ref>{{Cite book |last=al-Asadābādī |first=ʻAbd al-Jabbār ibn Aḥmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PilAQAACAAJ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220041523/https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Sharh_al_usul_al_khamsah.html%3Fid%3D_PilAQAACAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy |url-status=usurped |archive-date=December 20, 2024 |title=Sharḥ al-uṣūl al-khamsah |date= 1965|publisher=Maktabat wahbah |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mu'tazilah {{!}} History, Doctrine, & Meaning {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mutazilah |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=2018-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621175819/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mutazilah |url-status=live }}</ref> The Mu'tazila believe that humans themselves create their will and actions, so human actions and movements are not destiny that are solely [[Jabriyya|driven by God]] and do not necessarily require God's permission. For the Mu'tazila, humans themselves create their actions and behavior consciously through free will which is formulated and carried out by the [[brain]] and [[nervous system]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seyithan |first=C. A. N. |date=2021 |title=An Anatomic and Physiologic Analysis of the Discussions on the Locus of Human Power Among the Schools of Kalām |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/SEYAAA |journal=Kader |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=631–644 |doi=10.18317/kaderdergi.971440 |doi-access=free |archive-date=2024-12-19 |access-date=2024-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219192534/https://philpapers.org/rec/SEYAAA |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Cengiz, Yunus, [https://nazariyat.org/content/5-sayilar/8-cilt-4-sayi-2/2-m0056/m_cengiz.pdf “Two Competing Approaches in the Mu‘tazilite View of the Human Being: The Traditions of Abu al-Hudhayl and al-Nazzam"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815054102/https://nazariyat.org/content/5-sayilar/8-cilt-4-sayi-2/2-m0056/m_cengiz.pdf |date=2024-08-15 }}, Nazariyat Journal for the History of Islamic Philosophy and Sciences 4/2 (May 2018): 57-7</ref> Thus, this condition guarantees God's justice when judging every human being in the Day of Judgement.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allison |first=George |title=Between Justice and Judgment: An Analysis of Free Will in Mu'tazilism |url=https://keep.lib.asu.edu/items/131053 |journal=Arizona State University Library}}</ref>