Editing Foreign relations of China (section)

====Central Asia====
{{Main|China–Kazakhstan relations|China–Kyrgyzstan relations|China–Tajikistan relations|China–Turkmenistan relations|China–Uzbekistan relations}}

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the newly independent Central Asian countries inherited the border disagreements with China, which had themselves been inherited from czarist Russia and the Qing dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Peyrouse|first=Sebastien|title=The new great game: China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform|date=2016|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|others=Thomas Fingar|isbn=978-0-8047-9764-1|location=Stanford, California|page=218|chapter=China and Central Asia|oclc=939553543}}</ref> In the years after the independence of the Central Asian countries, China negotiated bilaterally to resolve its borders with them individually.<ref name="Peyrouse-2016">{{Cite book|last=Peyrouse|first=Sebastien|title=The new great game: China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform|date=2016|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|others=Thomas Fingar|isbn=978-0-8047-9764-1|location=Stanford, California|page=233|chapter=China and Central Asia|oclc=939553543}}</ref> Ultimately, China obtained territory significantly less than it had originally claimed.<ref name="Peyrouse-2016" /> Resolution of these disputes on territorial terms generally favorable to the Central Asian countries created goodwill for China, avoided conflict, and also resulted in recognition that the czarist era borders were imposed unjustly on China.<ref name="Peyrouse-2016" />

Access to energy and natural resources are important priorities for China in its Central Asian relations.<ref name="Alfred-2023">{{Cite book|last=Alfred|first=Gerstl|title=Contemporary China: a New Superpower?|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2023|isbn=978-1-03-239508-1|editor-last=Kironska|editor-first=Kristina|chapter=China in its Immediate Neighborhood|editor-last2=Turscanyi|editor-first2=Richard Q.}}</ref>{{Rp|page=215}} China is one of the main energy partners of the Central Asian countries.<ref name="Pron-2023">{{Cite book|last=Proń|first=Elżbieta|title=China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace|date=2023|publisher=[[Routledge]]|others=Mher Sahakyan|isbn=978-1-003-35258-7|location=New York|chapter=China in Central Asia: New Developments in 2013-2021|oclc=1353290533}}</ref>{{Rp|page=94}} Chinese oil companies have invested into Kazakh oil fields,<ref name="Alfred-2023" />{{Rp|page=215}} China and [[Kazakhstan]] have constructed an [[Kazakhstan–China oil pipeline|oil pipeline from Kazakhstan to China]] and are planning to construct a natural gas pipeline. In [[Tajikistan]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]], China has invested in hydroelectric projects.<ref name="Pron-2023" />{{Rp|page=94}}

China also seeks to improve land connections with Eurasia through its relations with the Central Asian countries.<ref name="Alfred-2023" />{{Rp|page=215}} [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|General Secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]] has called China's efforts to build trade links that extend through Central Asia to the Middle East a New [[Silk Road]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Chen|first1=Yo-Jung|date=15 January 2014|title=China's Westward Strategy|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/chinas-westward-strategy/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117211640/https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/chinas-westward-strategy/|archive-date=17 January 2014|access-date=18 January 2014|website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]}}</ref> In addition to bolstering trade ties, Beijing has contributed aid and funding to the region's countries.

The [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]], of which China is a founding member, is also becoming increasingly important in Central Asian security and politics. Many observers believe that beyond fostering good-neighborly relations, China is also concerned with securing its borders as it emerges as a world power.<ref>[[YaleGlobal Online]] [http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=4930 Central Asia: China's Mounting Influence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410163921/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=4930|date=10 April 2009}}</ref> The [[terrorist attacks of 11 September]] changed China's view of Central Asia, causing China to pay increasing attention to potential concerns of terrorism, separatism, and extremism arising from the region.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zhao|first=Huasheng|title=The new great game: China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform|date=2016|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|others=Thomas Fingar|isbn=978-0-8047-9764-1|location=Stanford, California|pages=173–174|chapter=Central Asia in Chinese Strategic Thinking|oclc=939553543}}</ref> One of China's main interests in Central Asia therefore is stability in Xinjiang, which shares a border with three Central Asian countries.<ref name="Alfred-2023" />{{Rp|page=215}} The Central Asian countries cooperate with China in suppressing support for separatist groups like the [[Turkistan Islamic Party|East Turkestan Islamic Movement]].<ref name=":13" />{{Rp|page=116}} Following the [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|invasion of Afghanistan by the United States]] and the increased involvement of Russia in the region, China's foreign policy makers began to view the Central Asia as both an area for cooperation and competition between major powers.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zhao|first=Huasheng|title=The new great game: China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform|date=2016|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|others=Thomas Fingar|isbn=978-0-8047-9764-1|location=Stanford, California|page=174|chapter=Central Asia in Chinese Strategic Thinking|oclc=939553543}}</ref>

[[China plus Central Asia]] (also depicted as China + Central Asia; C+C5) is a meeting of the Foreign Ministers' of China and Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. It was started in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hashimova|first=Umida|date=20 July 2020|title=China Launches 5+1 Format Meetings With Central Asia|url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/07/china-launches-51-format-meetings-with-central-asia/|access-date=16 June 2021|website=The Diplomat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=20 May 2021|title=China and Central Asia: Bilateral Trade Relationships and Future Outlook|url=https://www.china-briefing.com/news/china-and-central-asia-bilateral-trade-relationships-and-future-outlook/|access-date=16 June 2021|website=China Briefing News}}</ref> In 2023, Xi Jinping and leaders of the five Central Asian countries held the [[China-Central Asia Summit]] in [[Xi'an]], and the summit resulted in 54 agreements, 19 new cooperation mechanisms and platforms, and nine multilateral documents.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 May 2023|author=Stefan Wolff|url=https://theconversation.com/how-china-is-increasing-its-influence-in-central-asia-as-part-of-global-plans-to-offer-an-alternative-to-the-west-206035|title=How China is increasing its influence in central Asia as part of global plans to offer an alternative to the west|work=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]}}</ref>