Editing Fair trade (section)

=== Textiles ===
Fair trade [[textile]]s are primarily made from fair trade cotton. By 2015, nearly 75,000 cotton farmers in developing countries had obtained fair trade certification. The minimum price that Fair trade pays allows cotton farmers to sustain and improve their livelihoods.<ref name="Farmers' self-determination">Singh Anup Kumar. in E+Z / D+C [http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/fairtrade-improving-cotton-farmers-lot-africa-and-india] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318050923/http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/fairtrade-improving-cotton-farmers-lot-africa-and-india|date=2015-03-18}} February, 2015</ref> Fair trade textiles are frequently grouped with fair trade crafts and goods made by artisans in contrast to cocoa, coffee, sugar, tea, and honey, which are agricultural commodities.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

==== Locations ====
India, Pakistan, and West Africa are the primary exporters of fair trade cotton, although many countries grow fair trade cotton.<ref name="Bassett, Thomas J 2010">Bassett, Thomas J. "Slim pickings: Fairtrade cotton in West Africa." ''Geoforum'', 2010. 41(1): 44-55</ref><ref name="Littrell, M. A. 1998">Littrell, M. A., and M. A. Dickson. "Fair Trade Performance in a Competitive Market." ''Clothing and Textiles Research Journal'' 16.4 (1998): 176-89</ref> Production of Fairtrade cotton was initiated in 2004 in four countries in West and [[Central Africa]] ([[Mali]], [[Senegal]], [[Cameroon]], and [[Burkina Faso]]).<ref>University of Greenwich and Institute of Development Studies, [https://www.nri.org/publications/thematic-papers/11-fairtrade-cotton-assessing-impact-in-mali-senegal-cameroon-and-india/file Fairtrade Cotton: Assessing Impact in Mali, Senegal, Cameroon and India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902194521/https://www.nri.org/publications/thematic-papers/11-fairtrade-cotton-assessing-impact-in-mali-senegal-cameroon-and-india/file |date=2021-09-02 }}, published May 2011, accessed 2 September 2021</ref> Textiles and clothing are exported from Hong Kong, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

==== Labour ====
Labour is different for textile production than for agricultural commodities because textile production takes place in a factory, not on a farm. Children are a source of cheap labor, and [[child labor]] is prevalent in Pakistan, India, and Nepal. Fair trade cooperatives ensure fair and safe labor practices, and do not allow child labor.<ref name="Grimes, Kimberly M. 2000">Grimes, Kimberly M., and B. Lynne Milgram. ''Artisans and Cooperatives: Developing Alternative Trade for the Global Economy''. Tucson: University of Arizona, 2000.</ref> Fair trade textile producers are most often women in developing countries. They struggle to meet consumer tastes in North America and Europe. In Nepal, textiles were originally made for household and local use. In the 1990s, women began joining cooperatives and exporting their crafts for profit. Now{{current event inline|date=March 2022}} handicrafts are Nepal's largest export. It is often difficult for women to balance textile production, domestic responsibilities, and agricultural work. Cooperatives foster the growth of democratic communities in which women have a voice despite being historically in underprivileged positions.<ref name="Grimes, Kimberly M. 2000" /> For fair trade textiles and other crafts to be successful in Western markets, [[World Fair Trade Organization]]s require a {{clarify|text=flexible|date=March 2022}} workforce of artisans in need of stable income, links from consumers to artisans, and a market for quality ethnic products.<ref name="Littrell, M. A. 1998" />

Making cotton and textiles "fair trade" does not always benefit laborers. Burkina Faso and Mali export the largest amount of cotton in Africa. Although many cotton plantations in these countries attained fair trade certification in the 1990s, participation in fair trade strengthened existing power relations and inequalities that cause poverty in Africa rather than challenging them. Fair trade does not do much for farmers when it does not challenge the system that marginalizes producers. Despite not empowering farmers, the change to fair trade cotton has positive effects including female participation in cultivation.<ref name="Bassett, Thomas J 2010" />

Textiles and garments are intricate and require one individual {{clarify|text=operator|date=March 2022}}, in contrast to the collective farming of coffee and cocoa beans. Textiles are not a straightforward commodity because to be fairly traded, there must be regulation in cotton cultivation, dyeing, stitching, and every other step in the process of textile production.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Fair trade textiles are distinct from the sweat-free movement although the two movements intersect at the worker level.<ref name="ReferenceB" />

Forced or unfair labor in textile production is not limited to developing countries. Charges of use of [[sweatshop]] labor are endemic in the United States. Immigrant women work long hours and receive less than minimum wage. In the United States, there is more of a stigma against child labor than forced labor in general. Consumers in the United States are willing to suspend the importation of textiles made with child labor in other countries but do not expect American exports to be suspended by other countries, even when produced using [[forced labor]].<ref>Bhagwati, Jagdish. "Trade Liberalisation And 'Fair Trade' Demands: Addressing The Environmental And Labour Standards Issues." ''World Economy'' 18.6 (1995): 745-759</ref>

====Clothing and textile companies====
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The following companies use fair trade production and/or distribution techniques for clothing and textiles:
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* [[American Apparel]]<ref name="IGI Global 2016">{{cite book | title=Handbook of Research on Green Economic Development Initiatives and Strategies | publisher=IGI Global | series=Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-5225-0441-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VFWiDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA566 | access-date=November 13, 2017 | page=566}}</ref>
* [[Association for Craft Producers]]<ref name="ACP">{{cite web |title=ACP |url=http://acp.org.np/about/tbl_products#about-fair |website=Association for Craft Producers |publisher=ACP |access-date=May 23, 2018 |archive-date=May 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523173734/http://acp.org.np/about/tbl_products#about-fair |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Boll & Branch]]<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/19/business/with-organic-cotton-and-online-ads-boll-branch-helps-indian-farmers.html|title = With Organic Cotton and Online Ads, Boll & Branch Helps Indian Farmers|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 16 June 2016|last1 = Gelles|first1 = David|access-date = 5 November 2021|archive-date = 17 October 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161017054246/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/19/business/with-organic-cotton-and-online-ads-boll-branch-helps-indian-farmers.html|url-status = live}}</ref>
* [[BeGood Clothing]]<ref name="IGI Global 2016"/><ref>{{cite web | title=The secrets of going sustainable: 'It's hard to go back to business as usual' | website=The Guardian | date=December 20, 2013 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/dec/20/secrets-going-sustainable-business | access-date=November 13, 2017 | archive-date=May 19, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519023942/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/dec/20/secrets-going-sustainable-business | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Champa Craft]]
* [[Cherie Amie]]<ref name="IGI Global 2016"/>
* [[The Ethical Olive]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theethicalolive.com/ |title=Ethical Olive – the Ethical Olive |website=www.theethicalolive.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825202848/https://www.theethicalolive.com/ |archive-date=25 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Maggie's Organics]]<ref name="IGI Global 2016"/>
* [[MUD Jeans]]<ref>{{cite book | last=Muthu | first=S.S. | title=Roadmap to Sustainable Textiles and Clothing: Environmental and Social Aspects of Textiles and Clothing Supply Chain | publisher=Springer Singapore | series=Textile Science and Clothing Technology | year=2014 | isbn=978-981-287-110-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_ssBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA224 | access-date=November 13, 2017 | page=224}}</ref>
* [[Patagonia (clothing)|Patagonia]]<ref>{{cite book | last1=Burns | first1=L.D. | last2=Mullet | first2=K.K. | last3=Bryant | first3=N.O. | title=The Business of Fashion: Designing, Manufacturing, and Marketing | publisher=Bloomsbury Academic | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-5013-1521-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EYLNDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA262 | access-date=November 13, 2017 | page=262}}</ref>
* [[Oliberté]]<ref>{{cite book | last=Black | first=K. | title=Magnifeco: Your Head-to-Toe Guide to Ethical Fashion and Non-toxic Beauty | publisher=New Society Publishers | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-55092-590-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1P54CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA172 | access-date=November 13, 2017 | page=172}}</ref>
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