Editing Dublin (section)

==English and Irish languages==
Dublin was traditionally a city of two languages, English and [[Irish language|Irish]], a situation found also in the area around it, [[the Pale]]. The Irish of County Dublin represented the easternmost extension of a broad central dialect area which stretched between Leinster and [[Connacht]], but had its own local characteristics. It may also have been influenced by the east [[Ulster]] dialect of [[County Meath]] and [[County Louth]] to the north.<ref>Williams, Nicholas. 'Na Canúintí a Theacht chun Solais' in ''Stair na Gaeilge'', ed. Kim McCone and others. Maigh Nuad 1994. ISBN 0-901519-90-1</ref>

In the words of a 16th-century English administrator, [[William Gerard]] (1518–1581): "All Englishe, and the most part with delight, even in Dublin, speak Irishe".<ref>See "Tony Crowley, "The Politics of Language in Ireland 1366–1922: A Sourcebook" and [[Joep Leerssen|Leerssen, Joep]], ''Mere Irish and Fior-Ghael: Studies in the Idea of Irish Nationality, Its Development and Literary Expression Prior to the Nineteenth Century'', University of Notre Dame Press 1997, p. 51. {{ISBN|978-0268014278}}</ref> The [[Normans in Ireland|Old English]] historian [[Richard Stanihurst]] (1547–1618) wrote as follows: "When their posteritie became not altogither so warie in keeping, as their ancestors were valiant in conquering, the Irish language was free dennized in the English Pale: this canker tooke such deep root, as the bodie that before was whole and sound, was by little and little festered, and in manner wholly putrified".<ref>Ellis, Henry (ed.). ''The Description of Ireland'', An Electronic Edition: Chapter 1 (The Names of Ireland, with the Compasse of the Same, also what Shires or Counties it Conteineth, the Diuision or Partition of the Land, and of the Language of the People): http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.03.0089 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224171235/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.03.0089 |date=24 February 2021 }}</ref>

English authorities of the Cromwellian period accepted the fact that Irish was widely spoken in the city and its surrounds. In 1655 several local dignitaries were ordered to oversee a lecture in Irish to be given in Dublin. In March 1656 a converted Catholic priest, Séamas Corcy, was appointed to preach in Irish at Bride's parish every Sunday, and was also ordered to preach at [[Drogheda]] and [[Athy]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Berresford Ellis | first = Peter | date = 1975 | title = Hell or Connaught! The Cromwellian Colonisation of Ireland 1652-1660 | page = 156 | publisher = Hamish Hamilton Ltd. | isbn = 978-0856404047}}</ref> In 1657 the English colonists in Dublin presented a petition to the Municipal Council complaining that in Dublin itself "there is Irish commonly and usually spoken".{{sfn|Berresford Ellis|1975|p=193}}

In early 18th century Dublin, Irish was the language of a group of poets and scribes led by Seán and Tadhg Ó Neachtain.<ref>Caerwyn Williams, J.E. & Ní Mhuiríosa, Máirín (ed.) (1979). ''Traidisiún Liteartha na nGael'', pp. 279 and 284. An Clóchomhar Tta.</ref> Scribal activity in Irish persisted in Dublin right through the 18th century.<ref>Ní Mhunghaile, Lesa. 'An Eighteenth Century Irish scribe's private library: Muiris Ó Gormáin's books' in ''Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy'', Volume 110C, 2010, pp. 239–276.</ref> There were still native Irish speakers in County Dublin at the time of the 1851 census.<ref>Fitzgerald, Garrett, 'Estimates for baronies of minimal level of Irish-speaking amongst successive decennial cohorts, 117-1781 to 1861–1871,’ Volume 84, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 1984</ref>

Though the number of Irish speakers declined throughout Ireland in the 19th century, the end of the century saw a [[Gaelic revival]], centred in Dublin and accompanied by renewed literary activity.<ref>Ó Conluain, Proinsias & Ó Céileachair, Donncha (1958). ''An Duinníneach'', pp. 148–153, 163–169, 210–215. Sáirséal agus Dill. ISBN 0-901374-22-9.</ref> This was the harbinger of a steady renewal of urban Irish, though with new characteristics of its own.<ref name="schism">{{cite news|last=Ó Broin|first=Brian|date=16 January 2010|title=Schism fears for Gaeilgeoirí|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/schism-fears-for-gaeilgeoir%C3%AD-1.1269494|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|access-date=16 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216211616/https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/schism-fears-for-gaeilgeoir%C3%AD-1.1269494|archive-date=16 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>John Walsh; Bernadette OʼRourke; Hugh Rowland, ''Research Report on New Speakers of Irish'': https://www.forasnagaeilge.ie/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/New-speakers-of-Irish-report.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308094820/https://www.forasnagaeilge.ie/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/New-speakers-of-Irish-report.pdf |date=8 March 2021 }}</ref>

===Current era===
The native language of most Dubliners today is English, and several local dialects are subsumed under the label [[Dublin English]]. Dublin also has many thousands of habitual Irish speakers, with the [[2016 census of Ireland|2016 census]] showing that daily speakers (outside the education system) numbered 14,903. They form part of an urban Irish-speaking cohort which is generally better-educated than monoglot English speakers.<ref>{{cite web| publisher = Central Statistics Office | work = Census of Population 2016 | title = Profile 10 Education, Skills and the Irish Language |url = https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp10esil/p10esil/ilg/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201208225214/https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp10esil/p10esil/ilg/ |archive-date=8 December 2020 }}</ref>

The Dublin Irish-speaking cohort is supported by a number of Irish-medium schools. There are 12,950 students in the Dublin region attending 34 [[gaelscoil]]eanna (Irish-language primary schools) and 10 [[Gaelcholáiste|gaelcholáistí]] (Irish-language secondary schools).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gaelscoileanna.ie/files/Education-through-Irish.pdf|title=Education through the Medium of Irish 2015/2016|year=2016|publisher=gaelscoileanna.ie|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101135552/http://www.gaelscoileanna.ie/files/Education-through-Irish.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Two Irish language radio stations, [[Raidió Na Life]] and [[RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta]], have studios in the city, and the online station [[Raidió Rí-Rá]] broadcasts from studios in the city. A number of Irish language agencies are also located in the capital. {{Lang|ga|[[Conradh na Gaeilge]]}} offers language classes and is used as a meeting place for different groups.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} The closest Gaeltacht to Dublin is the [[County Meath]] [[Gaeltacht]] of [[Ráth Cairn]] and [[Baile Ghib]] which is {{convert|55|km|0|abbr=on}} away.