Editing Cultural Revolution (section)

==== Opera and music ====
[[File:Revolutionary opera.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|The ballet ''[[Red Detachment of Women (ballet)|The Red Detachment of Women]]'', one of the Model Dramas promoted during the Cultural Revolution]]Jiang took control of the stage and introduced [[Revolutionary opera|revolutionary operas]] under her direct supervision. Traditional operas were banned as they were considered feudalistic and bourgeois, but revolutionary opera, which modified [[Peking opera]] in both content and form, was promoted.<ref name="Lu" />{{rp|115}} Six operas and two ballets were produced in the first three years, most notably the opera ''[[The Legend of the Red Lantern]]''. These operas were the only approved opera form. Other opera troupes were required to adopt or change their repertoire.<ref name="King" />{{rp|176}} [[Loyalty dance]]s became common and were performed throughout the country by both professional cultural workers and ordinary people.<ref name="Xu2022" />{{rp|362}} The model operas were broadcast on the radio, made into films, blared from public loudspeakers, taught to students in schools and workers in factories, and became ubiquitous as a form of popular entertainment and were the only theatrical entertainment for millions.<ref name="Jiaqi" />{{rp|352–53}}<ref name="Lu" />{{rp|115}} Most model dramas featured women as their leads and promoted Chinese state feminism.<ref name="Karl-2010">{{Cite book |last=Karl |first=Rebecca E. |title=Mao Zedong and China in the twentieth-century world: a concise history |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8223-4780-4 |location=Durham, NC |pages=148}}</ref> Their narratives begin with them oppressed by [[misogyny]], class position, and imperialism before liberating themselves through the discovery of internal strength and the CCP.<ref name="Karl-2010" />

During the Cultural Revolution, composers of ''[[Yellow Music]]'', which had already been banned following the communist revolution, were persecuted, including [[Li Jinhui]] who was killed in 1967.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781578066094 |url-access=registration |title=Jazz Planet |editor=E. Taylor Atkins |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781578066094/page/226 226] |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |year=2004 |isbn=978-1578066094 |access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> Revolution-themed songs instead were promoted, and songs such as "[[Ode to the Motherland]]", "[[Sailing the Seas Depends on the Helmsman]]", "[[The East Is Red (song)|The East Is Red]]" and "[[Without the Communist Party, There Would Be No New China]]" were either written or became popular during this period. "The East Is Red", especially, became popular; it ''de facto'' supplanted "[[March of the Volunteers]]" (lyrics author [[Tian Han]] persecuted to death) as the national anthem of China, though the latter was later restored to its previous place.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=几度沧桑 国歌的诞生及背后鲜为人知的故事 |trans-title=The birth and behind-the-scene stories of the national anthem |url=https://www.gov.cn/guoqing/2017-06/07/content_5200590.htm |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=[[Central government of the People's Republic of China]] |language=zh}}</ref> 

"Quotation songs", in which Mao's quotations were set to music, were particularly popular during the early years of the Cultural Revolution.<ref name="Coderre2021">{{Cite book |last=Coderre |first=Laurence |title=Newborn Socialist Things: Materiality in Maoist China |date=2021 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-1-4780-2161-2 |location=Durham, NC |doi=10.2307/j.ctv1r4xd0g |jstor=j.ctv1r4xd0g}}</ref>{{rp|34}} Composer Li Jiefu first published quotation songs in ''People's Daily'' in September 1966 and they were promoted thereafter as a means for studying ''Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong''.<ref name=":2323">{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Andrew F. |title=Mao's Little Red Book: A Global History |date=2013 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-05722-7 |editor-last=Cook |editor-first=Alexander C. |location=Cambridge |pages= |chapter=Quotation Songs: Portable Media and the Maoist Pop Song}}</ref>{{Rp|page=47}} Records of quotation songs were played over loudspeakers, their primary means of distribution,<ref name="Coderre2021" />{{rp|35}} as the use of transistor radios lagged until 1976.<ref name="Coderre2021" />{{rp|32–33}} [[Rusticated youths]] with an interest in broadcast technology frequently operated rural radio stations after 1968.<ref name="Coderre2021" />{{rp|42}} At the 9th National Congress of the Communist Party, Jiang Qing condemned quotation songs, which she had come to view as comparable to yellow music.<ref name=":2323" />{{Rp|page=43}}