Editing Andalusia (section)

===Arts===
[[File:Guitarra d'Antonio de Torres, MDMB 626, al Museu de la Música de Barcelona.jpg|thumb|130px|Andalusian [[Antonio de Torres Jurado]] in the 19th century invented the current [[classical guitar]].]]
Andalusia has been the birthplace of many great artists: the classic painters [[Diego Velázquez|Velázquez]], [[Bartolomé Esteban Murillo|Murillo]], and [[Juan de Valdés Leal]]; the sculptors [[Juan Martínez Montañés]], [[Alonso Cano]] and [[Pedro de Mena]]; and such modern painters as [[Daniel Vázquez Díaz]] and [[Pablo Picasso]].

The Spanish composer [[Manuel de Falla]] was from Cádiz and incorporated typical Andalusian melodies in his works, as did [[Joaquín Turina]], from Seville. The great singer [[Camarón de la Isla]] was born in [[San Fernando, Cádiz]], and [[Andrés Segovia]] who helped shape the romantic-modernist approach to [[classical guitar]], was born in [[Linares, Jaén]]. The virtuoso Flamenco guitar player [[Paco de Lucia]] who helped internationalize Flamenco, was born in Algeciras, Cadiz.

====Architecture====
[[File:Alhambra Löwenhof mit Löwenbrunnen 2014.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Alhambra]] in [[Granada]].]]
Since the [[Neolithic]] era, Andalusia has preserved important [[megalith]]s, such as the [[dolmen]]s at the [[Cueva de Menga]] and the [[Dolmen de Viera]], both at [[Antequera]]. Archeologists have found [[Bronze Age]] cities at [[Los Millares]] and [[El Argar]]. Archeological digs at Doña Blanca in [[El Puerto de Santa María]] have revealed the oldest [[Phoenicia]]ns city in the Iberian peninsula; major ruins have also been revealed at Roman [[Italica]] near Seville.<ref>{{cite journal |author=AA.VV |title=Reflexiones acerca de las actuaciones llevadas a cabo en la sede administrativa y accesos del Conjunto Arqueológico de Itálica |year=2004 |journal=Mus-A: Revista de los museos de Andalucía |number=3 |issn=1695-7229 |pages=132–137 |url=http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/cultura/museos/media/docs/PORTAL_musa_n3.pdf |language=es}}</ref>

Some of the greatest architecture in Andalusia was developed across several centuries and civilizations, and the region is particularly famous for its Islamic and Moorish architecture, which includes the [[Alhambra|Alhambra complex]], [[Generalife]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bloom |first=Jonathan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRHbDwAAQBAJ&q=Architecture+of+the+Islamic+West%3A+North+Africa+and+the+Iberian+Peninsula%2C+700-1800&pg=PP1 |title=Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9780300218701 |location= |pages=164 |access-date=27 June 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114130754/https://books.google.com/books?id=IRHbDwAAQBAJ&q=Architecture+of+the+Islamic+West%3A+North+Africa+and+the+Iberian+Peninsula%2C+700-1800&pg=PP1#v=snippet&q=Architecture%20of%20the%20Islamic%20West%3A%20North%20Africa%20and%20the%20Iberian%20Peninsula%2C%20700-1800&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba|Mosque-Cathedral of Córdoba.]] 
[[File:Patio cordobés (7155649863).jpg|thumb|A ''patio andaluz'' in [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]].]]
The traditional architecture of Andalusia retains its [[Architecture of ancient Rome|Roman]] with Arab influences brought by [[Islamic architecture|Muslims]], with a marked Mediterranean character strongly conditioned by the climate. Traditional urban houses are constructed with shared walls to minimize exposure to high exterior temperatures. Solid exterior walls are [[Whitewash|painted]] with [[Lime (material)|lime]] to minimize the heating effects of the sun. In accord with the climate and tradition of each area, the roofs may be [[Terrace (building)|terraces]] or tiled in the Roman [[imbrex and tegula]] style. One of the most characteristic elements (and one of the most obviously influenced by Roman architecture) is the interior [[patio]] or [[courtyard]]; the patios of Córdoba are particularly famous. Other characteristic elements are decorative (and functional) [[wrought iron]] [[grating]]s and the [[tile]]s known as ''[[azulejo]]s''. Landscaping—both for common private homes and homes on a more lavish scale—also carries on older traditions, with plants, flowers, and fountains, pools, and streams of water. Beyond these general elements, there are also specific local architectural styles, such as the [[flat roof]]s, roofed chimneys, and radically extended [[Balcony|balconies]] of the [[Alpujarra]], the cave dwellings of [[Guadix]] and of Granada's [[Sacromonte]], or the traditional architecture of the [[Mancomunidad de Municipios Marquesado del Zenete|Marquisate of Zenete]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=López, J. |author2=López J.S. |title=Arquitectura tradicional en el Marquesado del Zenete |year=2000 |journal=Gazeta de antropología |number=16 |issn=0214-7564 |url=http://www.ugr.es/~pwlac/G16_24JuanSalvador_Lopez-Jaime_Lopez.html |language=es}}</ref>

[[File:PLAZA E IGLESIA DE UBEDA - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|Church of El Salvador in [[Úbeda]].]]The monumental architecture of the centuries immediately after the Reconquista often displayed an assertion of Christian hegemony through architecture that referenced non-Arab influences.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} Some of the greatest [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] buildings in Andalusia are from the [[Kingdom of Jaén|then-kingdom of Jaén]]: the [[Jaén Cathedral]], designed in part by [[Andrés de Vandelvira]], served as a model for the [[Cathedral of Malaga]] and [[Cathedral of Guadix|Guadix]];{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} the centers of [[Úbeda]] and [[Baeza, Spain|Baeza]], dating largely from this era, are UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]s. Seville and its kingdom also figured prominently in this era, as is shown by the [[Casa consistorial de Sevilla]], the [[Hospital de las Cinco Llagas]], or the [[Charterhouse of Jerez de la Frontera]]. The [[Palace of Charles V]] in Granada is uniquely important for its [[Italianate architecture|Italianate]] purism.<ref>{{cite journal |author=García Vázquez, C. |title=Apuntes para una breve historia de la arquitectura moderna en Andalucía |year=2005 |journal=Revista de historia y teoría de la arquitectura |number=6–7 |issn=1576-5628 |pages=119–138 |language=es}}</ref> Andalusia also has such [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]]-era buildings as the [[Palace of San Telmo]] in Seville (seat of the current autonomic presidency), the [[Church of Our Lady of Reposo]] in [[Campillos]], and the [[Granada Charterhouse]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Galera, P.A. |chapter=Arquitectura y ciudad en la Andalucía del barroco |title=Andalucía Barroca: exposición itinerante |year=2007 |isbn=978-84-8266-725-6 |pages=62–81 |publisher=Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Cultura |language=es}}</ref> [[Academic art|Academicism]] gave the region the [[Royal Tobacco Factory]] in Seville and [[Neoclassicism]] the nucleus of Cádiz, such as its {{ill|City Hall of Cádiz|lt=city hall|es|Ayuntamiento de Cádiz}}, [[Cárcel Real (Cádiz)|Royal Prison]], and the [[Oratorio de la Santa Cueva]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}

[[Revivalism (architecture)|Revivalist]] architecture in the 19th and 20th centuries contributed the buildings of the [[Ibero-American Exposition of 1929]] in Seville, including the [[Neo-Mudéjar]] [[Plaza de España (Seville)|Plaza de España]]. Andalusia also preserves an important industrial patrimony related to various economic activities.

Besides the architecture of the cities, there is also much outstanding rural architecture: houses, as well as ranch and farm buildings and [[dog house]]s.<ref>{{cite book |author=Torices, N. |author2=Zurita, E. |title=Cortijos, haciendas y lagares: arquitectura de las grandes explotaciones agrarias de Andalucía. Provincia de Granada |year=2002 |publisher=Ediciones Ilustres |location=Córdoba |isbn=84-8095-305-5 |language=es}}</ref>

====Sculpture====
[[File:Entierro cristo museo sevilla.jpg|thumb|''Crying Over the Dead Christ'', {{ill|Pedro Millán|es}}, [[Museum of Fine Arts of Seville]].]]

The [[Iberian sculpture|Iberian reliefs]] of [[Osuna]], [[Lady of Baza]], and {{ill|León de Bujalance|ca|Lleona de Bujalance|es|Leona de Bujalance}}, the Phoenician [[sarcophagus|sarcophagi]] of Cádiz, and the [[Roman sculpture]]s of the [[Baetica|Baetic]] cities such as [[Italica]] give evidence of traditions of sculpture in Andalusia dating back to antiquity.<ref>{{cite book |author=VV.AA. |title=Escultura ibérica en el Museo Provincial de Jaén |year=1990 |publisher=Consejería de Cultura de la Junta de Andalucía |isbn=84-86944-04-X |language=es}}</ref> There are few significant surviving sculptures from the time of [[al-Andalus]]; two notable exceptions are the lions of the Alhambra and of the [[Maristan of Granada|Maristán of Granada]] (the [[Nasrid]] hospital in the Albaicín).

The [[Sevillian school of sculpture]] dating from the 13th century onward and the [[Granadan school of sculpture|Granadan school]] beginning toward the end of the 16th century both focused primarily on Christian religious subject matter, including many wooden [[altarpiece]]s. Notable sculptors in these traditions include [[Lorenzo Mercadante de Bretaña]], {{ill|Pedro Millán|es}}, [[Juan Martínez Montañés]], [[Pedro Roldán]], {{ill|José de Arce|es}}, [[Jerónimo de Balbás|Jerónimo Balbás]], [[Alonso Cano]], and [[Pedro de Mena]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Aroca, F. |title=Aportaciones al estudio del retablo del siglo XVIII en la Baja Andalucía |year=1997 |journal=Laboratorio de Arte: Revista del Departamento de Historia del Arte |number=10 |issn=1130-5762 |pages=233–250 |language=es}}</ref>

Non-religious sculpture has also existed in Andalusia since antiquity. A fine example from the Renaissance era is the decoration of the [[Casa de Pilatos]] in Seville. Nonetheless, non-religious sculpture played a relatively minor role until such 19th-century sculptors as {{ill|Antonio Susillo|es}}.

====Painting====
{{multiple image
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|width1=199|height1=247|image1=Pablo picasso 1.jpg|caption1=[[Pablo Picasso]]
|width2=2344|height2=2936|image2=La Fuensanta, by Julio Romero de Torres.jpg|caption2=''[[La Fuensanta]]'', considered a quintessential rendition of Andalusian beauty.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/BID/0x0x138022/AB5F2632-1918-400C-9867-A1295652005F/138022.pdf |title=Iconic Cultural Image Heads Selection of Works by Top Spanish Artists |publisher=[[Sotheby's]] |access-date=29 July 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051734/http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/BID/0x0x138022/AB5F2632-1918-400C-9867-A1295652005F/138022.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
As in sculpture, there were {{ill|Sevillian school of painting|lt=Sevillian|es|Escuela sevillana de pintura}} and the {{ill|Granadan school of painting|lt=Granadan|es|Escuela granadina de pintura}} schools of painting. The former has figured prominently in the history of Spanish art since the 15th century and includes such important artists as [[Francisco Zurbarán|Zurbarán]], [[Diego Velázquez|Velázquez]] and [[Bartolomé Esteban Murillo|Murillo]], as well as art theorists such as [[Francisco Pacheco]]. The [[Museum of Fine Arts of Seville]] and the [[Museo del Prado|Prado]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bermejo, E. |author2=Valdivieso, E. |title=Historia de la pintura sevillana, siglos XIII al XX. Sevilla, 1986 (Book Review) |year=1988 |journal=Archivo español de arte |volume=61 |number=241 |issn=0004-0428 |pages=89–90 |language=es}}</ref> contain numerous representative works of the Sevillian school of painting.

A specific [[Romanticism|romantic]] genre known as ''[[costumbrismo andaluz]]'' depicts traditional and folkloric Andalusian subjects, such as bullfighting scenes, dogs, and scenes from Andalusia's history. Important artists in this genre include [[Manuel Barrón]], [[José García Ramos]], [[Gonzalo Bilbao]] and [[Julio Romero de Torres]]. The genre is well represented in the private [[Carmen Cervera|Carmen Thyssen-Bornemisza Collection]], part of which is on display at Madrid's [[Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum]] and [[Carmen Thyssen Museum]] in Málaga.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/portal/romanticismo/actas_pdf/romanticismo_6/reina.pdf |title=El costumbrismo en la pintura sevillana del siglo XIX |access-date=9 October 2008 |work=Cervantesvirtual.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916013953/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/portal/romanticismo/actas_pdf/romanticismo_6/reina.pdf |archive-date=16 September 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Málaga also has been and is an important artistic center. Its most illustrious representative was [[Pablo Picasso]], one of the most influential artists of the 20th century. The city has a [[Museo Picasso Málaga|Museum]] and [[Fundación Picasso|Natal House Foundation]], dedicated to the painter.