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==Works cited== {{refbegin|20em|indent=yes}} * {{cite book|last=Allen |first=James P. |title=The Ancient Egyptian Language: A Historical Study |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139506090 |isbn=9781139506090}} * {{cite book |last=Allen |first=James P. |title=Coptic: A Grammar of its Six Major Dialects |publisher=Eisenbrauns |year=2020 |doi=10.1515/9781646020867 |isbn= 9781646020867}} * {{cite book|last=Allen |first=James P. |title=Ancient Egyptian Phonology |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020a |doi=10.1017/9781108751827 |isbn=9781108751827|s2cid=216256704 }} *{{cite book |author-last1=Almansa-Villatoro |author-first1= M. Victoria |author-last2=Štubňová Nigrelli |author-first2=Silvia |chapter=Comparative Afroasiatic Linguistics and the Place of Ancient Egyptian Within the Phylum |title=Ancient Egyptian and Afroasiatic: Rethinking the Origins |editor-last1=Almansa-Villatoro |editor-first1= M. Victoria |editor-last2=Štubňová Nigrelli |editor-first2=Silvia |publisher=Eisenbrauns |year=2023 |isbn=9781646022120 |pages=3–18}} * {{cite book |last=Amha |first=Azeb |chapter=Omotic |title=The Afroasiatic Languages |editor1-last=Frajzyngier |editor1-first=Zygmunt |editor2-last=Shay |editor2-first=Erin |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |pages=423–504 |isbn=978-0-521-86533-3}} * {{cite book |last=Appleyard |first=David |chapter=Semitic-Cushitic/Omotic Relations |title=The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook |editor-last1=Weninger |editor-first1=Stefan |publisher=de Gruyter Mouton |year=2012 |pages=38–53 |isbn=978-3-11-018613-0 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Bacovcin |first1=Hezekiah Akiva |last2=Wilson |first2=David |title=A New Method for Computational Cladistics: An Afro-Asiatic Case Study |journal=Transactions of the Philological Society |volume=116 |issue=3 |year=2018 |pages=410–434 |doi=10.1111/1467-968X.12128}} * {{cite book|last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |chapter=Consonant Co-Occurrence Restrictions in Afroasiatic Verb Roots |title=Atti del secondo Congresso internazionale di linguistica camito-semitica: Firenze, 16-19 aprile 1974 |year=1978 |pages=9–19 |editor-last=Fronzaroli |editor-first=Pelio |publisher=Istituto di linguistica e di lingue orientale, Università di Firenze }} * {{cite journal |last1=Bender |first1=M. Lionel |title=Upside-Down Afrasian |journal=Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere |date=1997 |publisher=Kölner Institut für Afrikanistik |volume=50 |pages=19–34}} * {{cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=Comparative Morphology of the Omotic Languages |publisher=Lincoln Europea |year=2000}} * {{cite book |last=Beylage |first=Peter |title=Middle Egyptian |publisher=Eisenbrauns |year=2018 |doi=10.1515/9781646022021 |isbn=9781646022021}} * {{cite encyclopedia|last=Blažek |first=Václav |title=Levant and North Africa: Afroasiatic linguistic history |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration |editor-last1=Ness |editor-first1=Immanuel |publisher=Blackwell |year=2013 |doi=10.1002/9781444351071.wbeghm815 |pages=1–8|isbn=9781444334890 }} * {{cite journal|last=Blažek |first=Václav |title=Omotic Numerals |journal=Folia Orientalia |volume=54 |year=2017 |pages=63–86}} * {{cite journal|last=Blažek |first=Václav |title=Cushitic Numerals |journal=Folia Orientalia |volume=55 |year=2018 |pages=33–60 |doi=10.24425/for.2018.124678 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite book |last1=Blench |first1=Roger |title=Archaeology, Language, and the African Past |date=2006 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-7591-0466-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esFy3Po57A8C}} * {{cite conference |last1=Blench |first1=Roger |title=Links between Cushitic, Omotic, Chadic and the position of Kujarge |date=2008 |url=http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Afroasiatic/General/Blench%20paper%20Cushitic%20symposium%20Paris%202008.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Afroasiatic/General/Blench%20paper%20Cushitic%20symposium%20Paris%202008.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |conference=5th International Conference of Cushitic and Omotic languages |access-date=28 April 2021}} *{{cite book |author-last1=Bubenik |author-first1= Vit |chapter=Reconstructing the Proto-Semitic Nominal and Verbal Systems in the Context of Afroasiatic Languages |title=Ancient Egyptian and Afroasiatic: Rethinking the Origins |editor-last1=Almansa-Villatoro |editor-first1= M. Victoria |editor-last2=Štubňová Nigrelli |editor-first2=Silvia |publisher=Eisenbrauns |year=2023 |isbn=9781646022120 |pages=223–254}} * {{cite book|last=Diakonoff |first=Igor M. |year=1988 |title=Afrasian Languages |publisher=Nauka}} * {{cite journal |last1=Diamond |first1=J |last2=Bellwood |first2=P |date=April 2003 |title=Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions |journal=Science |volume=300 |issue=5619 |pages=597–603 |bibcode=2003Sci...300..597D |doi=10.1126/science.1078208 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=12714734 |s2cid=13350469}} * {{cite journal |last1=Dimmendaal |first1=Gerrit J. |title=Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent |journal=Language and Linguistics Compass |date=2008 |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=840–858 |doi=10.1111/j.1749-818X.2008.00085.x |issn=1749-818X}} * {{cite web |editor1-last=Eberhard |editor1-first=David M. |editor2-last=Simons |editor2-first=Gary F. |editor3-last=Fennig |editor3-first=Charles D. |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/ |website=Ethnologue |publisher=SIL International |access-date=28 April 2021 |location=Dallas, Texas |date=2021}} * {{cite journal|last=Edzard |first=Lutz E. |title=The Obligatory Contour Principle and Dissimilation in Afroasiatic |journal=Journal of Afroasiatic Languages |volume=3 |year=1992 |pages=151–171}} * {{cite book |last=Ehret |first=Christopher |title=The Historical Reconstruction of Southern Cushitic Phonology and Vocabulary |year=1980 |publisher=Dietrich Reimer }} * {{cite book|last=Ehret |first=Christopher |title=Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone, Consonants, and Vocabulary |publisher=University of California Press |year=1995 |isbn=0-520-09799-8}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Ehret |first1=Christopher |last2=Keita |first2=O. Y. |last3=Newman |first3=Paul |year=2004 |title=The Origins of Afroasiatic |journal=Science |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |volume=306 |issue=5702 |page=1680 |jstor=3839746 |doi=10.1126/science.306.5702.1680c |pmid=15576591 |s2cid=8057990}} *{{cite book |author-last1=Ehret |author-first1= Christopher |author-last2=Vyas |author-first2=Deven N. |author-last3=Assefa |author-first3=Shiferaw |author-last4=Gaston |author-first4=J. Lafayette |author-last5=Gleason |author-first5=Tiffany |author-last6=Kitchen |author-first6=Andrew |chapter=Ancient Egyptian's Place in the Afroasiatic Language Family |title=Ancient Egyptian and Afroasiatic: Rethinking the Origins |editor-last1=Almansa-Villatoro |editor-first1= M. Victoria |editor-last2=Štubňová Nigrelli |editor-first2=Silvia |publisher=Eisenbrauns |year=2023 |isbn=9781646022120 |pages=255–277 |ref={{harvid|Ehret et al.|2023}}}} * {{cite book|last=Fleming |first=Harold C. |year=1983 |chapter=Chadic External Relations |title=Studies in Chadic and Afroasiatic linguistics |editor-last1=Wolff |editor-first1=H. Ekkehard |editor-last2=Meyer-Bahlburg |editor-first2=Hilke |publisher=Helmut Baske |pages=17–31}} * {{cite book|last=Fleming |first=Harold C. |year=2006 |title= Ongota: A Decisive Language in African Prehistory|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz}} * {{cite book| last1=Frajzyngier |first1=Zygmunt |last2=Shay |first2=Erin |chapter=Introduction |title=The Afroasiatic Languages |editor1-last=Frajzyngier |editor1-first=Zygmunt |editor2-last=Shay |editor2-first=Erin |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |pages=1–17 |isbn=978-0-521-86533-3}} * {{cite book| last1=Frajzyngier |first1=Zygmunt |last2=Shay |first2=Erin |chapter=Chadic |title=The Afroasiatic Languages |editor1-last=Frajzyngier |editor1-first=Zygmunt |editor2-last=Shay |editor2-first=Erin |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012a |pages=236–341 |isbn=978-0-521-86533-3}} * {{cite book|last=Frajzyngier |first=Zygmunt |chapter= Typological outline of the Afroasiatic phylum |title=The Afroasiatic Languages |editor1-last=Frajzyngier |editor1-first=Zygmunt |editor2-last=Shay |editor2-first=Erin |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |pages=505–624 |doi=10.1002/9781119485094.ch29|s2cid=225371874 |isbn=978-0-521-86533-3}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Frajzyngier |first=Zygmunt |title=Afroasiatic Languages |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.15 |year=2018|isbn=978-0-19-938465-5 }} * {{cite book| last1=Frajzyngier |first1=Zygmunt |last2=Shay |first2=Erin |chapter=Contact and Afroasiatic Languages |title=The Handbook of Language Contact |editor1-last=Hickey |editor1-first=Raymond |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |edition=2 |year=2020 |pages=571–591 |doi=10.1002/9781119485094.ch29|isbn=9781119485094 |s2cid=225371874 }} * {{cite book |last=Gragg |first=Gene |chapter=Semitic and Afro-Asiatic |title=The Semitic Languages |edition=2 |editor-last1=Huehnergard |editor-first1=John |editor-last2=Pat-El |editor-first2=Na‘ama |publisher=Routledge |year=2019|pages=22–48}} * {{cite journal |last=Greenberg |first=Joseph |title=An Afro-Asiatic Pattern of Gender and Number Agreement |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=80 |issue=4 |year=1960 |pages=317–321 |doi=10.2307/595879 |jstor=595879}} * {{cite journal |last=Greenberg |first=Joseph |title=The Patterning of Root Morphemes in Semitic |journal=WORD |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=162–181 |year=1950a |doi=10.1080/00437956.1950.11659378|s2cid=147639111 }} * {{cite book |last=Güldemann |first=Tom |year=2018 |chapter=Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa |editor-last=Güldemann |editor-first=Tom |title=The Languages and Linguistics of Africa |pages=58–444 |series=The World of Linguistics, Volume 11 |place=Berlin |publisher=De Mouton Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9783110421668-002 |isbn=9783110421668 |s2cid=133888593 }} * {{cite book |last=Hayward |first=Richard J. |chapter=Afroasiatic |title=African Languages: An Introduction |year=2000 |editor-last1=Heine |editor-first1=Bernd |editor-last2=Nurse |editor-first2=Derek |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=74–98}} * {{cite book |last=Hetzron |first=Robert |chapter=Afroasiatic Languages |title=The World's Major Languages |edition=2 |year=2009 |editor-last1=Comrie |editor-first1=Bernard |publisher=Routledge |pages=545–550}} *{{cite book |last=Hodge |first=Carleton T. |chapter=Afroasiatic: An Overview |title=Afroasiatic: A Survey |editor-last=Hodge |editor-first=Carleton T. |publisher=Mouton |year=1971}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Huehnergard |first=John |year=2004 |title=Afro-Asiatic |editor-first=In R.D. |editor-last=Woodard |encyclopedia=The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=138–159}} * {{cite book |last=Huehnergard |first=John |year=2011 |edition=3 |title=A Grammar of Akkadian |publisher=Eisenbrauns }} *{{cite book |author-last1=Huehnergard|author-first1= John |chapter=Proto-Semitic and Egyptian |title=Ancient Egyptian and Afroasiatic: Rethinking the Origins |editor-last1=Almansa-Villatoro |editor-first1= M. Victoria |editor-last2=Štubňová Nigrelli |editor-first2=Silvia |publisher=Eisenbrauns |year=2023 |isbn=9781646022120 |pages=139–160}} * {{cite journal|first1=Alan S. |last1=Kaye |first2=Peter T. |last2=Daniels |year=1992 |title= Comparative Afroasiatic and General Genetic Linguistics |journal=WORD |volume= 43 |issue=3 |pages= 429–458 |doi= 10.1080/00437956.1992.12098319 }} * {{cite book |last1=Kossmann |first1=Maarten |chapter=Berber Morphology |title=Morphologies of Asia and Africa |editor-last=Kaye |editor-first=Alan S. |year=2007 |publisher=Eisenbrauns |doi=10.1515/9781575065663-022 |pages=429–446|isbn=978-1-57506-566-3 }} * {{cite book |last1=Kossmann |first1=Maarten |chapter=Berber |title=The Afroasiatic Languages |editor1-last=Frajzyngier |editor1-first=Zygmunt |editor2-last=Shay |editor2-first=Erin |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |pages=18–101 |isbn=978-0-521-86533-3}} *{{cite book |last=Kouwenberg |first=N. J. C. |title=The Akkadian Verb and Its Semitic Background |publisher=Eisenbrauns |year=2010 |doi=10.1515/9781575066240 |isbn=9781575066240}} * {{cite book|last=Lipiński|first=Edward|title=Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar|year=2001|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=978-90-429-0815-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IiXVqyEkPKcC&pg=PA21}} * {{cite book |last=Loprieno |first=Antonio |year=1995 |title=Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction |publisher=Cambridge University Press |place=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-44384-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptianl0000lopr }} * {{cite book |last1=Meyer |first1=Ronny |last2=Wolff |first2=H. Ekkehard |chapter=Afroasiatic Linguistic Features and Typologies |title=The Cambridge Handbook of African Linguistics |editor-last=Wolff |editor-first=H. Ekkehard |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2019 |pages=246–325}} * {{cite book|last=Mous |first=Maarten |chapter= Cushitic languages |title=The Afroasiatic Languages |editor1-last=Frajzyngier |editor1-first=Zygmunt |editor2-last=Shay |editor2-first=Erin |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |pages=342–422 |isbn=978-0-521-86533-3}} * {{cite book |last1=Orel |first1=Vladimir E. |last2=Stolbova |first2=Olga V. |title=Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary: Materials for a Reconstruction |date=1995 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=90-04-10051-2}} * {{cite book|last=Militarev |first=Alexander |chapter=The Prehistory of a Dispersal: The Proto-Afrasian (Afroasiatic) Farming Lexicon |title=Examining the Farming/Language Dispersal Hypothesis |editor-last1=Bellwood |editor-first1=Peter S. |editor-last2=Renfrew |editor-first2=Colin |publisher= McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research |year=2002 |chapter-url=http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/afrfarm.pdf}} * {{cite journal|last=Militarev |first=Alexander |title=Once more about glottochronology and the comparative method: the Omotic-Afrasian case |journal=Orientalia et Classica VI: Aspekty Komparatistiki |volume=6 |year=2005 |url=http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/fleming.pdf |pages=339–408}} * {{cite journal|last=Militarev |first=Alexander |title=Proto-Afrasian Lexicon Confirming West Asian Homeland: Pastoralism |journal=Journal of Language Relationship |volume=1 |year=2009 |pages=95–106}} * {{cite book|last=Nichols |first=Johanna |chapter=Diversity and Stability in Language |title=The Handbook of Historical Linguistics |editor-last1=Joseph |editor-first1=Brian D |editor-last2=Janda |editor-first2=Richard D. |publisher=Blackwell |year=2003 |pages=283–310 |isbn=0-631-19571-8}} * {{cite journal |last=Peust |first=Carsten |title=On the Subgrouping of Afro-Asiatic, or: How to use an unrooted phylogenetic tree in historical linguistics |journal=Lingua Aegyptia |volume=20 |year=2012 |pages=221–251}} * {{cite book |last=Porkhomovsky |first=Victor |chapter=Afro-Asiatic Overview |title=The Oxford Handbook of African Languages |editor-first1=Rainer |editor-last1=Vossen |editor-last2=Dimmendaal |editor-first2=Gerrit J. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2020 |pages=269–274}} * {{cite book |last1=Ruhlen |first1=Merritt |title=A Guide to the World's Languages: Classification |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYwmDE3f6wUC |publisher=Stanford University Press |date=1991|isbn=9780804718943 }} * {{Cite journal | doi=10.1111/j.1749-818x.2008.00124.x|title = Africa's Linguistic Diversity| journal=Language and Linguistics Compass| volume=3| issue=2| pages=559–580|year = 2009|last1 = Sands|first1 = Bonny}} *{{cite book |author-last1=Sanker|author-first1= Chelsea |chapter=Data Limitations and Supplementary Methods in Placing Egyptian |title=Ancient Egyptian and Afroasiatic: Rethinking the Origins |editor-last1=Almansa-Villatoro |editor-first1= M. Victoria |editor-last2=Štubňová Nigrelli |editor-first2=Silvia |publisher=Eisenbrauns |year=2023 |isbn=9781646022120 |pages=19–34}} *{{cite book|last=Shay |first=Erin |chapter=Afroasiatic |title=The Oxford Handbook of Derivational Morphology |editor-last1=Lieber |editor-first1=Rochelle |editor-last2=Štekauer |editor-first2=Pavol |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |pages=573–590 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199641642.013.0032 |isbn=978-0-19-964164-2 }} * {{cite journal|last=Solleveld |first=Floris |title=Lepsius as a linguist: fieldwork, philology, phonetics, and 'the Hamitic hypothesis' |journal=Language and History |volume=63 |issue=3 |year=2020 |pages=193–213 |doi=10.1080/17597536.2020.1760066|s2cid=219971042 }} *{{cite book |author-last1=Souag|author-first1= Lameen |chapter=Restructured or Archaic? The Hunt for Shared Morphological Innovation Involving Egyptian |title=Ancient Egyptian and Afroasiatic: Rethinking the Origins |editor-last1=Almansa-Villatoro |editor-first1= M. Victoria |editor-last2=Štubňová Nigrelli |editor-first2=Silvia |publisher=Eisenbrauns |year=2023 |isbn=9781646022120 |pages=303–318}} *{{cite book |author-last1=Stauder |author-first1= Andréas |chapter=Egyptian Morphology in Afroasiatic Perspective |title=Ancient Egyptian and Afroasiatic: Rethinking the Origins |editor-last1=Almansa-Villatoro |editor-first1= M. Victoria |editor-last2=Štubňová Nigrelli |editor-first2=Silvia |publisher=Eisenbrauns |year=2023 |isbn=9781646022120 |pages=53–136}} * {{cite book|last=Starostin |first=George |chapter=Macrofamilies and Agricultural Lexicon: Problems and Perspectives |pages=215–233 |title=Language Dispersal Beyond Farming |editor-last1=Robbeets |editor-first1=Martine |editor-last2=Savelyev |editor-first2=Alexander |publisher=John Benjamins |year=2017 |doi=10.1075/z.215.09sta}} * {{cite book |last=Takács |first=Gábor |title=Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian. Volume 1: A Phonological Introduction |publisher=Brill |year=1999 |isbn=978-90-04-11538-5 }} * {{cite book |last=Takács |first=Gábor |title=Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian. Volume 3: m- |publisher=Brill |year=2008 |isbn=978-90-47-42379-9 }} * {{cite journal|last=Vernet |first=Eulàlia |title=Semitic Root Incompatibilities and Historical Linguistics |journal=Journal of Semitic Studies |volume=56 |issue=1 |year=2011 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1093/jss/fgq056|hdl=2445/195869 |hdl-access=free }} * {{cite thesis |last=Wilson |first=David |title=A Concatenative Analysis of Diachronic Afro-Asiatic Morphology |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |year=2020 |url=https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5891&context=edissertations}} * {{cite book |author-last1=Winand |author-first1= Jean |chapter=Afroasiatic Lexical Comparison: An Egyptologist's Point of View |title=Ancient Egyptian and Afroasiatic: Rethinking the Origins |editor-last1=Almansa-Villatoro |editor-first1= M. Victoria |editor-last2=Štubňová Nigrelli |editor-first2=Silvia |publisher=Eisenbrauns |year=2023 |isbn=9781646022120 |pages=35–50}} * {{cite book| last=Zaborski |first=Andrzej |chapter=Basic Numerals in Cushitic |title=Proceedings of the Fourth International Hamito-Semitic Congress |year=1987 |editor-last1=Jungraithmayr |editor-first1=Herrmann |editor-last2=Mueller |editor-first2=Walter W. |publisher=John Benjamins |pages=317–347}} * {{cite encyclopedia|first=Andrzej |last=Zaborski |title=Afro-Asiatic Languages |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics |edition=Managing Editors Online |editor-first1=Lutz |editor-last1=Edzard |editor-first2=Rudolf de |editor-last2=Jong |publisher=Brill |year=2011 |doi=10.1163/1570-6699_eall_EALL_COM_0008 }} {{refend}}
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