Editing White people (section)

==== Chile ====
{{Main|White Chileans}}
Scholarly estimates of the White population in Chile vary dramatically, ranging from 20%<ref name="BritannicaCL">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Chile |url= http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/article-198552/Chile |encyclopedia =Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=15 September 2012 | quote=Chile's ethnic makeup is largely a product of Spanish colonization. About three fourths of Chileans are mestizo, a mixture of European and Amerindian ancestries. One fifth of Chileans are of white European (mainly Spanish) descent.}}</ref> to 52%.<ref name="Lizcano Fernández 2005">{{cite journal|last1=Lizcano Fernández|first1=Francisco|date=August 2005|title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI|trans-title=Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the XXI Century|url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1405-14352005000200185|journal=Convergencia|language=es|volume=12|issue=38|pages=185–232}}</ref> According to a study by the [[University of Chile]] about 30% of the Chilean population is Caucasian,<ref name="UC">{{cite web |title=5.2.6. Estructura racial |url=http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/cap2/ |work=University of Chile |access-date=10 February 2013 |language=es }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> while the 2011 [[Latinobarómetro]] survey shows that some 60% of Chileans consider themselves White.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.latinobarometro.org/latOnline.jsp |title=Online Data Analysis |date=2011 |access-date=23 January 2015 |website=Latinobarómetro |publisher=Corporación Latinobarómetro}}</ref>

During colonial times in the eighteenth century, an important flux of emigrants from Spain populated Chile, mostly Basques, who vitalized the Chilean economy and rose rapidly in the social hierarchy and became the political elite that still dominates the country.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Chile |url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111326/Chile/24684/The-people |encyclopedia =Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=15 September 2012 |quote=...Basque families who migrated to Chile in the 18th century vitalized the economy and joined the old Castilian aristocracy to become the political elite that still dominates the country.}}</ref> An estimated 1.6 million (10%) to 3.2 million (20%) Chileans have a surname (one or both) of Basque origin.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.osasun.ejgv.euskadi.net/r52-dkcont01/es/contenidos/noticia/albis12_257_txile_08_11/es_txile/albis12_257_txile_08_11.html |title=Presentación del libro Santiago de Chile |date=19 November 2008 |access-date=23 January 2015 |website=Departmento de Salud |publisher=Eusko Jaurlaritza – Gobierno Vasco |last=Madariaga |first=Ainara}}</ref> The Basques liked Chile because of its great similarity to their native land: similar geography, cool climate, and the presence of fruits, seafood, and wine.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |title=...de los Vascos, Oñati y Los Elorza |last=Elorza |first=Waldo Ayarza |date=1995 |pages=59, 65–66, 68}}</ref>

Chile was not an attractive place for European migrants in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries simply because it was far from Europe and difficult to reach. Chile experienced a tiny but steady arrival of Spanish, [[Italian Chilean|Italians]], Irish, [[French Chilean|French]], [[Greeks in Chile|Greeks]], [[German Chilean|Germans]], English, [[Scottish people|Scots]], [[Croatian people|Croats]] and [[Ashkenazi Jews]], in addition to immigration from other Latin American countries.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

The original arrival of Spaniards was the most radical change in demographics due to the arrival of Europeans in Chile,<ref name=":1" /> since there was never a period of massive immigration, in contrast to neighboring nations such as Argentina and Uruguay.<ref name="HistoriaContemporaneaDeChile" /> Facts about the amount of immigration do not coincide with certain national chauvinistic discourse, which claims that Chile, like Argentina or Uruguay, would be considered one of the "White" Latin American countries, in contrast to the racial mixture that prevails in the rest of the continent. However, it is undeniable that immigrants have played a major role in Chilean society.<ref name="HistoriaContemporaneaDeChile" /> Between 1851 and 1924 Chile only received 0.5% of the European immigration flow to Latin America, compared to the 46% received by Argentina, 33% by Brazil, 14% by Cuba, and 4% by Uruguay. This was because most of the migration occurred across the Atlantic before the construction of the Panama Canal. Europeans preferred to stay in countries closer to their homelands instead of taking the long trip through the Straits of Magellan or across the Andes.<ref name=":1" /> In 1907, European-born immigrants composed 2.4% of the Chilean population,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/usuarios/cedoc_online/censos/pdf/censo_1907.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200341/http://www.ine.cl/canales/usuarios/cedoc_online/censos/pdf/censo_1907.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Memoria Presidentada al Supremo Gobierno por la Comsion Central del Censo
|language=es |trans-title=Report Presented to the Supreme Government by the Central Census Commission |archive-date=4 March 2016|website=Default}}</ref> which fell to 1.8% in 1920,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/usuarios/cedoc_online/censos/pdf/censo_1920.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052320/http://www.ine.cl/canales/usuarios/cedoc_online/censos/pdf/censo_1920.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Censo de Población de la República de Chile |language=es |trans-title=Population Census of the Republic of Chile |date=1920-12-15 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=Default}}</ref> and 1.5% in 1930.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/usuarios/cedoc_online/censos/pdf/censo_1930.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234924/http://www.ine.cl/canales/usuarios/cedoc_online/censos/pdf/censo_1930.pdf |url-status=dead|title=Resultados del X Censo de la Poblacion efectuado el 27 de Noviembre de 1930 y Estadisticas Comparativas con Censos Anteriores

 |language=es |trans-title=Results of the X Population Census carried out on November 27, 1930 and Comparative Statistics with Previous Censuses |archive-date=3 March 2016|website=Default}}</ref>

After the failed [[Revolutions of 1848 in the German states|liberal revolution of 1848]] in the German states,<ref name="HistoriaContemporaneaDeChile">{{cite book |title=Historia Contemporánea de Chile |last1=Salazar Vergara |first1=Gabriel |last2=Pinto |first2=Julio |author-link1=Gabriel Salazar|author-link2=Julio Pinto |date=1999 |publisher=[[LOM Ediciones]] |location=Santiago de Chile |isbn=978-956-282-174-2 |chapter=La Presencia Inmigrante |pages=76–81 |access-date=16 September 2012 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Vyx8JQtvU78C&q=Chile+migracion+europea&pg=PA78 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Superpoblación |last=Durán |first=Hipólito |date=1997 |publisher=Real Academia Nacional de Medicina |location=Madrid |isbn=978-84-923901-0-6 |chapter=El crecimiento de la población latinoamericana y en especial de Chile • Academia Chilena de Medicina |page=217 |access-date=16 September 2012 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IXFVHAXxNw0C&q=Chile+migracion+europea&pg=PA217 }}</ref> a significant German immigration took place, laying the foundation for the [[German-Chilean]] community. Sponsored by the Chilean government to "civilize" and colonize the southern region,<ref name="HistoriaContemporaneaDeChile" /> these Germans (including German-speaking Swiss, [[Silesians]], [[Alsace|Alsatians]] and Austrians) settled mainly in [[Valdivia]], [[Llanquihue Province|Llanquihue]] and [[Los Angeles, Chile|Los Ángeles]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Recuerdos del Pasado |last1=Pérez Rosales |first1=Vicente |author-link=Vicente Pérez Rosales |date=1860 |publisher=Editorial Andrés Bello |location=Santiago de Chile |access-date=16 September 2012 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=cISuC7tC5hsC&q=Recuerdos+del+Pasado }}</ref> The Chilean Embassy in Germany estimated 150,000 to 200,000 Chileans are [[German diaspora|of German origin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.echile.de/index.php/es/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805064812/http://www.embajadaconsuladoschile.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=60&lang=de|url-status=dead|title=Embajada de Chile en Alemania|archive-date=5 August 2009|website=echile.de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kuwi.europa-uni.de/de/lehrstuhl/sw/sw1/mitarbeiter/rosenberg/lateinam.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102170531/http://www.kuwi.europa-uni.de/de/lehrstuhl/sw/sw1/mitarbeiter/rosenberg/lateinam.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Kuwi.europa-uni.de|archive-date=2 November 2012}}</ref>

Another historically significant immigrant group were Croatian immigrants. The [[Croatian Chileans]], their descendants today, number at an estimated 380,000 persons, the equivalent of 2.4% of the population.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hrvatskimigracije.es.tl/Diaspora-Croata.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509095402/http://hrvatskimigracije.es.tl/Diaspora-Croata.htm|url-status=dead|title=Hrvatskiimigracije.es.tl – Diaspora Croata|archive-date=9 May 2016|website=hrvatskimigracije.es.tl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://matis.hr/vijesti.php?id=2265 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604233703/http://www.matis.hr/vijesti.php?id=2265 |url-status=dead |date = 25 March 2009 | language = hr | title = Splitski osnovnoškolci rođeni u Čileu | first = Merien | last = Ilić |archive-date=4 June 2012 |publisher = [[Hrvatska matica iseljenika]] }}</ref> Other authors claim on the other hand, that close to 4.6% of the Chilean population have some [[Croatian diaspora|Croatian ancestry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrvatski.cl/html/croatas.htm |title=Hrvatski |work=Hrvatski.cl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195315/http://www.hrvatski.cl/html/croatas.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref> Over 700,000 Chileans may have British (English, Scottish or [[Welsh people|Welsh]]) origin, 4.5% of Chile's population.<ref name=British>{{cite web |url= http://www.biografiadechile.cl/detalle.php?IdContenido=1673&IdCategoria=91&IdArea=488&TituloPagina=Historia%20de%20Chile |title=Historia de Chile, Británicos y Anglosajones en Chile durante el siglo XIX |access-date=26 April 2009}}</ref> Chileans of [[Greek people|Greek]] descent are estimated 90,000 to 120,000.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://viajerosgriegos.ar.vg/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016224632/http://viajerosgriegos.ar.vg/|url-status=dead|title=ar.vg – Desde Argentina para el mundo|archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref> Most of them live either in the [[Santiago]] area or in the [[Antofagasta]] area, and [[Chile]] is one of the 5 countries with the most descendants of Greeks in the world.<ref name="auto1" /> The descendants of the [[Swiss people|Swiss]] reach 90,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://schweizergruppe.sv.tc/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925011120/http://schweizergruppe.sv.tc/|url-status=dead|title=Domain im Kundenauftrag registriert|archive-date=25 September 2009|website=schweizergruppe.sv.tc}}</ref> and it is estimated that about 5% of the [[Demographics of Chile|Chilean population]] has some [[France|French ancestry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.karnobooks.com/cgi-bin/karno/5814.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412230551/http://www.karnobooks.com/cgi-bin/karno/5814.html|url-status=dead|title=5% de los chilenos tiene origen frances|archive-date=12 April 2008}}</ref> 184,000–800,000 (estimates) are [[Italian Chilean|descendants of Italians]].<ref name=Italian-World>{{cite web|url=http://www.migranti.torino.it/Documenti%20%20PDF/italianial%20ster05.pdf |title=Italiani nel Mondo: diaspora italiana in cifre |date=30 April 2004 |publisher=Migranti Torino |language=it |access-date=24 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227022729/http://www.migranti.torino.it/Documenti%20%20PDF/italianial%20ster05.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2008 }}</ref> Other groups of European descendants are found in smaller numbers.